Use the quick-reference chart below to interpret serum electrolyte test results in adult patients. This chart also lists disorders that can cause imbalances. Note: Always check your facility's norms, as they may differ slightly.
| Electrolyte | Results | Implications | Common causes |
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| Serum sodium | 135 to 145 mEq/L | Normal | | | <135 mEq/L | Hyponatremia | Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion | | >145 mEq/L | Hypernatremia | Diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, fluid loss, vomiting, and diarrhea | | Serum potassium | 3.5 to 5 mEq/L | Normal | | | <3.5 mEq/L | Hypokalemia | Diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic therapy, excessive sweating, refeeding syndrome | | >5 mEq/L | Hyperkalemia | Burns, kidney failure, and response to injury | | Total serum calcium | 8.9 to 10.1 mg/dl | Normal | | | >8.9 mg/dl | Hypocalcemia | Acute pancreatitis | | >10.1 mg/dl | Hypercalcemia | Hyperparathyroidism | | Ionized calcium | 4.4 to 5.3 mg/dl | Normal | | | <4.4 mg/dl | Hypocalcemia | Massive transfusion | | >5.3 mg/dl | Hypercalcemia | Acidosis | | Serum phosphates | 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dl or 1.8 to 2.6 mEq/L | Normal | | | >2.5 mg/dl or 1.8 mEq/L | Hypophosphatemia | Diabetic ketoacidosis | | <4.5 mg/dl or 2.6 mEq/L | Hyperphosphatemia | Renal insufficiency | | Serum magnesium | 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L | Normal | | | <1.5 mEq/L | Hypomagnesemia | Malnutrition, chronic diarrhea | | >2.5 mEq/L | Hypermagnesemia | Kidney failure | | Serum chloride | 98 to 108 mEq/L | Normal | | | <98 mEq/L | Hypochloremia | Prolonged vomiting or gastric aspiration | | >108 mEq/L | Hyperchloremia | Hypernatremia |
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