See Cures Act.
The action or process where material is deposited, joined, or solidified, based on the specifications that are stored and displayed as a digital model to build a three-dimensional object, typically layer by layer with material being combined and fused together (such as liquid molecules or powders; also known as additive manufacturing).
academic electronic medical record (AEMR)
An electronic medical record (EMR) simulation that is used in an academic setting to teach students, such as nursing students, how to use the EMR and simulate how they would document the care they provided to their assigned patients.
access
To obtain or retrieve data in order to process it.
accessibility
Ease of accessing the information and knowledge needed to deliver care or manage a health service; the extent to which a system is usable by as many users as possible.
acquisition
The act of acquiring; to locate and hold. We acquire data and information.
active listening
A therapeutic communication technique in which the nurse employs conscious attention to what a patient is saying, reflects back feelings and phrases, and asks questions to clarify meaning.
active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED)
Smartphone display with individual pixels being lit separately (active matrix); the next-generation super AMOLED type includes touch sensors. The active matrix provides crisp, vivid colors and darker blacks.
acuity system
The methods and processes that calculate the nursing care requirements for individual patients based on severity of illness, specialized equipment and technology needed, and intensity of nursing interventions and determine the amount of daily nursing care needed for each patient in a nursing unit.
administrative process
Used to administer the business functions of a healthcare-providing organization, such as the electronic scheduling, billing, and claims management systems, including electronic scheduling for inpatient and outpatient visits and procedures, electronic insurance eligibility validation, claims authorization and prior approval, identification of possible research study participants, and drug recall support.
admission, discharge, and transfer (ADT) system
Provides the backbone structure for the other types of clinical and business systems; it contains the groundwork for the other types of healthcare information systems because it includes the patient's name; medical record number; visit or account number; and demographic information, such as age, sex, home address, and contact information. It is the central source for collecting this type of patient information and communicating it to the other types of healthcare information systems, including clinical and business systems.
adverse event
Any undesirable experience or outcome in a patient related to the use of a medical treatment or product.
advocate
Someone who represents another person's interests. To act in patients' best interests; to act and/or speak on patients' behalf; to make the healthcare delivery system responsive to patients' needs.
advocate/policy developer
A nurse informatics specialist who is key to developing the infrastructure of health policy. Policy development on the local, national, and international levels is an integral part of this role.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)
An agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that supports health services research initiatives.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
A federal agency that acts as a repository for research and data regarding hazardous materials and serves the public by using the best science, taking responsive public health actions, and providing trusted health information to prevent harmful exposures and diseases related to toxic substances.
agile
A software development methodology that merges iterative and incremental process models. The agile method breaks the product into small incremental builds where the teams work in short bursts, such as 2- to 4-week intervals, to accomplish their tasks. This approach lends itself well to smaller projects. Failure is considered positive if you fail fast and fail often to get to your goal. This method realizes rapid delivery of functional software to the customer.
alarm fatigue
That which results from multiple false alarms by smart technology that cause workers to ignore or respond slowly to them.
alert
Warning or additional information provided to clinicians to help with decision-making; the action of the clinician or system triggers the generation of an alert. For example, an alert could be generated if the patient's serum potassium level is high and they are on potassium chloride; the system would alert the nurse on the screen (soft copy alert) with or without audio and/or by a printed (hard copy alert) warning. Also known as a trigger.
algorithm
Step-by-step procedure for problem-solving or calculating; set of rules for problem-solving. In data mining, an algorithm defines the parameters of the data mining model; it is the method with which the data mining model is developed.
alternative
Choice between two or more options.
Alternative Payment Model (APM)
The Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) reformed Medicare payments by making changes that created a Quality Payment Program (QPP) to replace the hodgepodge system of Medicare reporting programs. The MACRA QPP has two paths-Merit-based Payment System (MIPS) or Alternative Payment Model (APM)-which will be in effect through 2021 and beyond. The APM is not just an incentive but rather a fundamental change in how health care is paid for in the United States. These models, particularly those dealing with total cost of care, have the potential to fundamentally alter the value we receive from health care.
American Library Association (ALA)
A U.S.-based organization that promotes libraries and library education internationally.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
An organization dedicated to promoting consensus on norms and guidelines related to the assessment of health agencies.
American Psychological Association (APA)
A scientific and professional organization that represents psychologists in the United States and that also provides a style guide for publishing and citing sources.
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
An economic stimulus package enacted in February 2009 that was intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession. This act has also been referred to as the Stimulus or Recovery Act. There was a push for widespread adoption of health information technology, and Title XIII of ARRA was given a subtitle, Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act. Through this act, healthcare organizations can qualify for financial incentives, based on the level of meaningful use achieved; the HITECH Act specifically incentivizes health organizations and providers to become meaningful users.
analysis
Separating a whole into its component parts; examination of a concept or phenomenon and its elements and their relations.
antiprinciplism
Theory that emerged with the expansive technological changes in recent years and the tremendous rise in ethical dilemmas accompanying these changes. Opponents of principlism include those who claim that its principles do not represent a theoretical approach and those who claim that its principles are too far removed from the concrete particularities of everyday human existence because they are too conceptual, intangible, or abstract or they disregard a person's psychological factors; personality; life history; sexual orientation; or religious, ethnic, and cultural background.
antivirus software
A computer program that is designed to recognize and neutralize computer viruses, which are malicious codes that replicate over and over and eventually take over the computer's memory and interfere with its normal functioning.
application (app)
The implementation software of a computer system that allows users to complete tasks, such as word processing, presentation development, and data management.
application programming interface (API)
An interface or communication protocol between a server and a client. A computing interface to a software component or a system that defines how other components or systems can use it; the interface can be entirely customized, specific to a component of the system, or designed based on an industry standard to assure interoperability, which is key.
arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
An essential building block of the processor of a computer that digitally performs arithmetic and logical functions.
artificial intelligence (AI)
The field that deals with the conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies. This field attempts to capture the complex processes of human thought and intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT)
The blending of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure to attain more efficient and effective operations, enhance human-technology interfacing and interactions, and improve data and information management and analytics.
art of nursing
The relationship-centered aspects of nursing care in which the focus is on communicating caring and providing emotional support and comfort to the patient.
assessment
The simulation stage in which student performance is rated or graded. Students should be provided with a detailed explanation of how they will be assessed and graded that relates to the goal; educational outcomes; and, if applicable, course or program outcomes. Detailed rubrics are recommended.
asynchronous
That which is not synchronous; not in real time or does not occur or exist at the same time, not having the same period or time frame. Learning anywhere and at any time using internet and World Wide Web software tools (e.g., course management systems, email, electronic bulletin boards, web pages) as the principal delivery mechanisms for instruction.
attribute
Quality or characteristic; field or element of an entity in a database.
audiopod
Traditional, audio-based podcast or utility to download podcasts.
augmented intelligence
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools to enhance but not replace decision-making with human intelligence.
augmented reality (AR)
An interactive experience within a real-world environment that enhances real-world objects using virtually simulated, or computer-generated, perceptual information. It provides stimulation for multiple senses, including olfactory, visual, auditory, haptic, and somatosensory (e.g., pressure, pain, or warmth). It comprises apps; wearable technologies, such as glasses; and software that not only interacts with users but also enhances their senses with data, information, audio, and images.
augmented-reality game (ARG)
A game in which a device, such as a smartphone, is used to overlay on the real world and bring people together physically and virtually to solve a series of challenges.
authentication
A process that serves to prove who is accessing the system.
autonomy
The right of individuals to choose for themselves.
avatar
Image on the internet that represents the user in virtual communities or other interactions on the internet; two- or three-dimensional image representing one user on the internet.
The use of voting and averaging in predictive data mining to synthesize the predictions from many models or methods or for using the same type of model on different data; it deals with the unpredictability of results when complex models are used to data mine small data sets.
baiting
Tricking a user to load an infected physical device onto their computer by leaving it in a public area, such as a copy room. The user loads the device to try to identify its owner.
bandwidth
The measurement in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes of the data that can be transferred from or to a computer.
barcode medication administration (BCMA)
A system using barcode technology affixed to the medication, the patient ID bracelet, and the nurse ID badge to support the five rights of medication administration.
basic input/output system (BIOS)
Binary input/output system, basic integrated operating system, or built-in operating system; a system that resides, or is embedded, on a chip that recognizes and controls a computer's devices.
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
An assessment system initially designed to collect information on the movement of mentally impaired persons from state-operated facilities into community settings. The assessments have since been expanded to include other populations and are designed to determine the effectiveness of programs in meeting the healthcare needs of at-risk populations.
beneficence
Actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others.
big data
Voluminous amounts of data sets that are difficult to process using typical data processing; huge amounts of semistructured and unstructured data that are unwieldy to manage within relational databases. Unstructured big data residing in text files represents more than 75% of an organization's data.
binary system
A system used by computers; a numeric system that uses two symbols, 0 and 1.
bioethics
The study and formulation of healthcare ethics. Bioethics takes on relevant ethical problems experienced by healthcare providers in the provision of care to individuals and groups.
bioinformatics (BI)
The application of computer science, information science, and cognitive science principles to biological systems, especially in the human genome field of study; an interdisciplinary science that applies computer and information sciences to solve biological problems.
biomedical informatics
Interdisciplinary science of acquiring, structuring, analyzing, and providing access to biomedical data, information, and knowledge to improve the detection, prevention, and treatment of disease.
biometrics
Study of processes or means to uniquely recognize individual users (humans), based on one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral attributes or characteristics. Authentication devices that recognize thumbprints, retinal patterns, or facial patterns are available. Depending on the level of security needed, organizations will commonly use a combination of these types of authentication.
bioterrorism
The use of pathogens or other potentially harmful biological agents to sicken or kill members of a targeted population. Informatics database applications are used to track strategic indicators that may indicate an outbreak that can be attributed to bioterrorism, such as emergency room visits, disease case reports, frequency and type of lab testing ordered by physicians and/or nurse practitioners, missed work, and over-the-counter medication purchases.
bit
Unit of measurement that holds one binary digit, 0 or 1. The smallest possible chunk of data memory used in computer processing that makes up the binary system of the computer.
blended
An approach to education that combines traditional face-to-face instruction with technology-based (i.e., online) instruction. See also hybrid.
Blockcerts
An open infrastructure for generating, distributing, examining, and verifying blockchain-based certificates.
blockchain
A digital database containing information or a record of transactions maintained across several computers that are linked in a network that can be simultaneously used and shared within a large dispersed or decentralized, publicly accessible network; transactions are logged publicly in chronological order. The database displays an ever-increasing list of ordered blocks; each of the blocks is time stamped and connected to the block that came before it, thereby establishing a blockchain. The technology used to craft such a database.
blog
Interactive, online weblog. Typically, a combination of what is happening on the web as well as what is happening in the blogger's or creator's life. A blog is as unique as the blogger or person creating it. Thought of as a diary and guide.
boosting
Increasing the power of models by weighting the combinations of predictions from those models to create a predicted classification; an iterative process using voting or averaging to combine the different classifiers.
borrowed theory
A theory borrowed or made use of from other disciplines. As nursing began to evolve, theories from other disciplines (e.g., psychology and sociology) were adopted to try to empirically describe, explain, or predict nursing phenomena. As nursing theories continue to be developed, nurses are now questioning whether these borrowed theories were sufficient in their relation to the nursing phenomena they were used to describe, explain, or predict.
brain
The central information-processing unit of humans. An organ that controls the central nervous system that is responsible for cognition and the interpretation and processing of and reaction to sensory input.
broadband
A wide band or range of frequencies; it is the minimum speed at which a connection to the internet will transfer information.
brushing
A technique whereby the user manually chooses specific data points, observations, or subsets of data on an interactive data display; these data can be visualized in two- or three-dimensional surfaces as scatterplots. Also known as graphical exploratory data analysis.
brute force attack
A technique whereby software creates many possible combinations of characters in an attempt to guess passwords to gain access to a network or a computer.
building block
Basic element or part of nursing informatics, such as information science, computer science, cognitive science, or nursing science.
byte
Unit of memory equal to 8 bits, or 8 informational storage units, which represent one keystroke (e.g., pressing any key on a keyboard, such as the space bar or a lowercase a or an uppercase T). The byte is considered the best unit for indicating computer memory or storage capacity.
Memory storage used by a computer's processor to store copies of frequently used data in the main memory that is becoming smaller and faster.
call center
Registered nurse-staffed facility at which nurses typically act as case managers for callers or perform patient triage.
care ethics
An ethical approach to solving moral dilemmas encountered in health care that is based on relationships and a caring attitude toward others.
care plan
A set of guidelines that outline the course of treatment and the recommended interventions that will achieve optimal results.
caring
The nontechnical aspects of nursing interventions that communicate acceptance and concern for a patient.
caritas process
Nursing intervention that communicates loving concern for the unique humanity of every patient.
case management information system
Computer programs and information management tools that interact to support and facilitate the practice of case managers.
case scenario
A simulated real-world situation or problem using authentic constraints and parameters designed to challenge the learner to test possible outcomes.
casuist approach
An approach to ethical decision-making that grew out of the concern for more concrete methods of examining ethical dilemmas. Casuistry is a case-based ethical reasoning method that analyzes the facts of a case in a sound, logical, and ordered manner. The facts are compared to the decisions arising out of consensus in previous paradigmatic, or model, cases.
centering
The act of taking a moment to clear one's mind of clutter and to focus one's attention exclusively on a patient prior to engaging in a therapeutic encounter.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that works to protect public health and safety related to disease control and prevention.
central processing unit (CPU)
An old term for processors and microprocessors that execute computer programs, thought of as the brain controlling the functioning of the computer; the computer component that actually executes, calculates, and processes the binary computer code instigated by the operating system and other applications on the computer. It serves as the command center that directs the actions of all other components of the computer and manages both incoming and outgoing data.
central station
Multifunctional telehealthcare platform for receiving, retrieving, and displaying patients' vital signs and other information transmitted from telecommunications-ready medical devices.
certificate
A credential awarded by an education program to indicate that a learner has met course or program objectives.
certification
System for validating that a nurse possesses certain skills and knowledge or is competent to complete a task. Competence and skill level are determined by or based on an external review, assessment, examination, or education.
certified EHR technology
An electronic health record (EHR) that meets specific governmental standards for the type of record involved, either an ambulatory EHR used by office-based healthcare practitioners or an inpatient EHR used by hospitals. The specific standards to be met are set forth in federal regulations.
chief information officer (CIO)
A person involved with the information technology infrastructure of an organization. This role is sometimes called chief knowledge officer.
chief technical officer (CTO)
A person focused on organizationally based scientific and technical issues and responsible for technological research and development as part of the organization's products and services.
chief technology officer (CTO)
Another name for a chief technical officer.
Chromebook
A laptop or tablet used to perform a variety of tasks using the Google Chrome browser, with the majority of applications and data residing in the cloud instead of on the device itself.
chronic disease
A long-term disease, such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, and respiratory ailments.
civil monetary penalty (CMP)
Fine laid out by the Social Security Act, which the Secretary of Health and Human Services can assess for many types of noncompliant conduct.
classification
The technique of dividing a data set into mutually exclusive groups.
classification and regression tree (CART)
A decision tree method that is used for sorting or classifying a data set. A set of rules that can be applied to a new data set that has not been classified; the set of rules is designed to predict which records will have a specified outcome.
clinical database
A collection of related patient records stored in a computer system using software that permits a person or program to query the data to extract needed patient information.
clinical decision support (CDS)
A computer-based program designed to assist clinicians in making clinical decisions by filtering or integrating vast amounts of information and providing suggestions for clinical intervention. May also be called a clinical decision support system (CDSS).
clinical documentation improvement (CDI)
The process of reviewing medical records or clinical documentation for accuracy and completeness looking for gaps or what data and information are missing from the record in relation to the disease process, diagnostics, and coding.
clinical documentation system
Array or collection of applications and functionality; amalgamation of systems, medical equipment, and technologies working together that are committed or dedicated to collecting, storing, and manipulating healthcare data and information and providing secure access to interdisciplinary clinicians navigating the continuum of client care. Designed to collect patient data in real time and enhance care by putting data at the clinician's fingertips and enabling decision-making where it needs to occur-at the bedside. Also known as a clinical information system (CIS).
clinical informatics
Application of informatics and information technology to deliver healthcare services. It is also referred to as applied clinical informatics or operational informatics.
clinical information system (CIS)
Array or collection of applications and functionality; amalgamation of systems, medical equipment, and technologies working together that are committed or dedicated to collecting, storing, and manipulating healthcare data and information and providing secure access to interdisciplinary clinicians navigating the continuum of client care. Designed to collect patient data in real time and enhance care by putting data at the clinician's fingertips and enabling decision-making where it needs to occur-at the bedside. Also known as a clinical documentation system.
clinical practice guideline (CPG)
An informal or formal rule or guiding principle that a healthcare provider uses when determining diagnostic tests and treatment strategies for individual patients. In the electronic health record, it is included in a variety of ways, such as prompts, pop-ups, and text messages.
clinical research informatics
The use of informatics in the discovery and management of new knowledge relating to health and disease. It includes management of information related to clinical trials and also involves informatics related to secondary research use of clinical data. Clinical research informatics and translational bioinformatics are the primary domains related to informatics activities to support translational research.
clinical transformation
The complete alteration of the clinical environment; widespread change accompanies transformational activities, and clinical transformation implies that the manner in which work is carried out and the outcomes achieved are completely different from the prior state, which is not always true in the case of simply implementing technology. Technology can be used to launch or in conjunction with a clinical transformation initiative; however, the implementation of technology alone is not justifiably a transformational ability. Therefore, this term should be used cautiously to describe redesign efforts.
cloud computing
Web browser-based logon-accessible data, software, and hardware; could link systems together and reduce costs.
cloud storage
Data storage provided by networked online servers that are typically outside of the institution whose data are being housed.
Cochrane Library
A compendium of high-quality evidence designed to inform healthcare professionals' decision-making.
cognitive informatics (CI)
Field of study made up of the disciplines of neuroscience, linguistics, artificial intelligence, and psychology. This multidisciplinary study of cognition and information sciences investigates human information-processing mechanisms and processes and their engineering applications in computing.
cognitive science
Interdisciplinary field that studies the mind, intelligence, and behavior from an information-processing perspective.
cognitive task analysis
Examination of the nature of a task by breaking it down into its component parts and identifying the performer's thought processes.
cognitive walkthrough
A technique used to evaluate a computer interface or a software program by breaking down and explaining the steps that a user will take to accomplish a task.
cognitive work analysis (CWA)
A multifaceted analytical procedure developed specifically for the analysis of complex, high-technology work domains.
collaboration
The sharing of ideas and experiences for the purposes of mutual understanding and learning.
column
Field or attribute of an entity in a database.
communication science
Area of concentration or discipline that studies human communication.
communication software
Technology programs used to transmit messages via email, telephone, paging, broadcast (e.g., MP3), and internet (e.g., instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol, or LISTSERV).
communication system
Collection of individual communications networks and transmission systems. In health care, it includes call light systems, wireless phones, pagers, email, instant messaging, and any other devices or networks that clinicians use to communicate with patients, families, other professionals, and internal and external resources.
community risk assessment (CRA)
A comprehensive examination of a community to identify factors that potentially affect the health of the members of that community. Often used in public health program planning.
compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM)
Disk that can hold approximately 700 megabytes of data accessible by a computer.
compact disk-recordable (CD-R)
Compact disk that can be used once for recording.
compact disk-rewritable (CD-RW)
Compact disk that can be recorded onto many times.
compatibility
The ability to work with each other or other devices or systems-for example, software that works with a computer.
compliance
Conforming or performing in an acceptable manner; correctly following the rules.
computational biology
The action complement of bioinformatics and therefore biomedicine; it is the actual process of analyzing and interpreting data.
computer
A machine that stores and executes programs; a machine with peripheral hardware and software to carry out selected programming.
computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
Systematic application of computer software tools and techniques to facilitate engineering practice.
computer based
That which uses the computer to interact; the computer is the base tool.
computer-based information system (CBIS)
Combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.
computerized provider order entry (CPOE)
An electronic process or system that automates the way that orders have traditionally been initiated for patients. It allows a healthcare provider to enter orders electronically and manage the results of those orders.
computer science
Branch of engineering (application of science) that studies the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. The study of storage/memory, conversion and transformation, and transfer or transmission of information in machines (i.e., computers) through both algorithms and practical implementation problems. Algorithms are detailed, unambiguous action sequences in the design, efficiency, and application of computer systems, whereas practical implementation problems deal with the software and hardware.
conceptual framework
A framework used in research to chart feasible courses of action or to present a desired approach to a study or analysis; built from a set of concepts that are related to a proposed or existing system of methods, behaviors, functions, relationships, and objects. A relational model. A formal way of thinking or conceptualizing about a phenomenon, process, or system under study.
conferencing software
Electronic communications system or software that supports and facilitates two or more people meeting for discussion. High-end systems offer telepresence (a lifelike experience allowing people to feel as if they are present in person [it would be as though the nurse were physically there with the patient] so that people can work, learn, and play in person over the internet or have an effect at a remote location).
confidentiality
The mandate that all personal information be safeguarded by ensuring that access is limited to only those who are authorized to view that information.
connected health
A model for healthcare delivery and management that integrates technology to provide remote services and leverages healthcare resources to maximize access for consumers to engage with clinicians and facilitate the self-management of their care.
connectionism
A component of cognitive science that uses computer modeling through artificial neural networks to try to explain human intellectual abilities.
connectivity
Ability to hook up to the electronic resources necessary to meet the user's needs. The ability to use computer networks to link to people and resources. The unbiased transmission or transport of Internet Protocol packets between two end points.
consequence
An outcome or product resulting from one's choices.
Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI)
A collaborative effort to adopt health information interoperability standards, particularly health vocabulary and messaging standards, for implementation in federal government systems.
consultant
A person hired to provide expert advice, opinions, and recommendations based on their area of expertise.
context of care
The setting, services, patient, environment, and professional and social interactions surrounding the delivery of patient interventions.
continuing education (CE)
Coursework or training completed after achievement of a baccalaureate degree, often for the purpose of recertification.
copyright
A legal term used by many governments around the world that gives the inventor or designer of an original product exclusive rights to that product for a limited time; the same laws that cover physical books, artwork, and other creative material are still applicable in the digital world.
core business system
A system that enhances administrative tasks within healthcare organizations. Unlike a clinical information system, whose aim is to provide direct patient care, this system supports the management of health care within an organization. It provides the framework for reimbursement, support of best practices, quality control, and resource allocation. There are four common types of core business systems: (1) admission, discharge, and transfer (ADT); (2) financial; (3) acuity; and (4) scheduling.
courage
The strength to face difficulty.
covered entity
A healthcare provider that conducts certain transactions in electronic form (a covered healthcare provider), a healthcare clearinghouse, or a health plan that electronically transmits any health information in connection with transactions (billing and payment for services or insurance coverage) for which the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has adopted standards; identified in the HIPAA Administrative Simplification Regulations.
creativity software
A program that supports and facilitates innovation and creativity (an intellectual process relating to the creation or generation of new ideas, concepts, or relationships between currently existing ideas or concepts); it allows users to focus more on creating new things in today's digital age and less on the mechanics or workings of how it is created or developed.
crowdsourcing
Information generated by individuals on social media.
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
A comprehensive nursing and allied health literature database.
Cures Act
The 21st Century Cures Act, known as the Cures Act, was signed into law on December 13, 2016. The Cures Act is designed to help hasten medical product development and bring innovations and advances to patients who need them sooner and more efficiently. It also contains provisions related to electronic health information (EHI). The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) is responsible for implementing key provisions of the 21st Century Cures Act focused on advanced interoperability and the access, exchange, and use of EHI as well as information blocking.
cyborg
The shortened term for a cybernetic organism. It has both biological and technological parts that are electronic, mechanical, or robotic.
Raw facts that lack meaning.
database
A collection of related records stored in a computer system using software that permits a person or program to query the data to extract needed information; it may consist of one or more related data files or tables.
database management system (DBMS)
Software programs and the hardware used to create and manage data.
data dictionary
Software that contains a listing of tables and their details, including field names, validation settings, and data types.
data file
A collection of related records.
data gatherer
One involved in the direct procurement of raw facts (data).
data loss prevention (DLP)
A strategy or approach for making sure that end users do not send sensitive or critical information outside the institution's network. The term also refers to software products that help the network manager or administrator control what data end users can transfer.
data mart
Collection of data focusing on a specific topic or organizational unit or department created to facilitate management personnel making strategic business decisions. Could be as small as one database or larger, such as a compilation of databases; generally smaller than a data warehouse.
data mining
A process of utilizing software to sort through data to discover patterns and ascertain or establish relationships. This process may help to discover previously unidentified relationships among the data in a database.
data set
A collection of interrelated data.
data warehouse (DW)
An extremely large database, or repository, that stores all of an organization's or institution's data and makes this data available for data mining. A combination of an institution's many different databases that provides management personnel flexible access to the data.
debrief
The simulation stage comprising a student-centered discussion during which the participants and observers reflect on performance during the scenario and make recommendations for future practice.
decision-making
Output of cognition; outcome of our intellectual processing.
decision support
Recommendations for interventions based on computerized care protocols. The decision-support recommendations may include such items as additional screenings, medication interactions, or drug and dosage monitoring.
decision-support/outcomes manager
The person charged with reviewing the effects of interventions suggested by the computerized decision-support system.
decision tree
A set of decisions represented in a tree-shaped pattern; the decisions produce the rules for the classification of a data set.
deep learning
A subset of machine learning using a specialized algorithm known as an artificial neural network. Deep learning algorithms are able to explore many layers of a neural network simultaneously (e.g., in processing images for radiology) rather than the linear processing typical of less sophisticated algorithms.
desktop
A computer's interface that resembles the top of a desk, where the user keeps things they want to access quickly, such as paper clips, pens, and paper. On the computer's desktop, the user can customize the look and feel to have easy access to the programs, folders, and files on the hard drive that the individual uses the most.
desktop publishing
Using a desktop computer to generate printed documents, such as marketing materials, reports, and an organization's newsletters.
digital divide
The gap between those who have and those who do not have access to online information.
digital phenotyping
The processing of individual data collected by wearable technologies to suggest that an individual has health issues, especially issues related to individual mental health status.
digital video disk-recordable (DVD-R)
Disk on which a user can record once.
digital video disk-rewritable (DVD-RW)
Disk on which a user can record many times.
disruptive innovation
A new development that radically changes or disrupts the way a structure or industry functions. It is the introduction of a product or service into a well-known or established industry that outperforms (is more efficient and at a lower price point), thereby obtaining a competitive advantage, capturing the market share, and altering and transforming that industry.
dissemination
A thoughtful, intentional, goal-oriented communication of specific, useful information or knowledge.
distance education
Learning provided from a remote location.
distributed ledger technology (DLT)
A technological infrastructure with protocols that use separate, independent computers, also known as nodes, to simultaneously access, validate, record, share, coordinate, and synchronize transactions in their electronic ledgers across a network that spans numerous entities or locations.
distributed network
A network that consists of shared programming and data spread across more than one computer.
Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance (DHIS)
A division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that manages two comprehensive public health surveillance systems, the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP), and a data hub for research, the CDC Data Hub. It also develops information systems to support data collection exchange and processing.
document
Represents information that can be printed, saved, or emailed or otherwise shared or displayed.
domain name
A series of alphanumeric characters that forms part of the internet address, or URL (e.g., psu.edu denotes Pennsylvania State University's address).
double data rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM)
A chip that allows for greater bandwidth and twice the transfers per the unit of time of the computer's internal clock; one of the transfers occurs at the start of the new unit of time, and the other transfer occurs at the end of the unit of time.
drill down
A means of viewing data warehouse information by going down to lower levels of the database to focus on information that is pertinent to the user's needs at the moment.
duty
One's feeling of being bound or obligated to carry out specific tasks or roles based on one's rank or position.
dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)
Type of RAM chip requiring less space to store the same amount of data as on a similar static RAM (SRAM) chip; however, DRAM requires more power than SRAM because DRAM needs to keep its charge by constantly refreshing.
dynamic system development method (DSDM)
An agile software development strategy based on the rapid application development model, which is iterative and used in the system development life cycle and project management.
dynamic web page shell
Web page that can be custom scripted to provide realistic case scenarios during a simulation experience.
An auditory tone that represents relationships among data elements, such as the relationship of systolic blood pressure to diastolic blood pressure.
ecological interface design (EID)
An approach to interface design that was introduced explicitly for multifaceted, complex, sociotechnical, real-time, and dynamic systems; it has been applied in many fields, including health care. This approach supports knowledge workers in health care as they manage and adapt to change, innovation, and novelty.
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
A comprehensive educational resources database. An international database of educational literature.
educator
A sage, leader, and/or guide who assists in the process or practice of learning.
edutainment
Learning while having fun; an activity in which learners are engaged and entertained while they learn; a combination of education and entertainment.
eHealth
Healthcare initiatives and practice supported by electronic or digital media. The most typical use is for patient and family education whereby information is communicated electronically.
eHealth Initiative
An initiative that was developed to address the growing need for managing health information and promoting technology as a means of improving health information exchange, health literacy, and healthcare delivery.
e-learning
Electronic learning, or learning that is facilitated by electronic means, such as computers and the internet. E-learning, online, and web-based education has caused a significant shift in student-teacher relationships in nursing education.
electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)
A nonvolatile storage chip used in computers and other devices to store small amounts of volatile data (e.g., calibration tables or device configuration).
electronic communication
Any exchange of information that is transmitted electronically.
electronic health information (EHI)
Refers to patient data that are stored in electronic form, which are collected and shared for healthcare delivery and public health. The primary use of EHI is for direct patient-care services, and its secondary use relates to public health objectives research, such as for treatment-related studies, licensure, and payment.
electronic health record (EHR)
Computer-based data warehouse or repository of information regarding the health status of a client, which is replacing the former paper-based medical record; it is the systematic documentation of a client's health status and health care in a secured digital format, meaning that it can be processed, stored, transmitted, and accessed by authorized interdisciplinary professionals for the purpose of supporting efficient, high-quality health care across the client's healthcare continuum. Also known as an electronic medical record (EMR).
electronic mailing list
Automatic mailing list server, such as LISTSERV, that automatically sends an email addressed to everyone who has subscribed to the list. Similar to an electronic bulletin board or a news forum.
electronic medication administration record (eMAR)
A system that uses barcoding technology to submit and fill prescriptions. Typically, handheld scanners read barcodes and transmit them to the pharmacy.
electronic protected health information (ePHI)
Any protected health information (PHI) that is used in any electronic format.
Electronic mail. To compose, send, receive, and store messages in electronic communication systems.
empowerment
Promotion of self-actualization; achievement of power or control over one's own life.
enactment
The simulation stage in which a student enacts an assigned role during the established time frame in a prepared simulation area.
encryption
A method of scrambling data so that readable text becomes unintelligible or incomprehensible so that only those authorized to see the text or information can understand it.
end user
Target user or consumer of software and computer technology. Software or computing applications should be designed for the end user, the person who will ultimately be using them.
engage
To capture the attention of students and motivate or energize them to actively participate in an educational activity.
enterprise integration
Electronically linking healthcare providers, health plans, government, and other interested parties to facilitate electronic exchange and use of health information among all stakeholders.
enterprise resource planning (ERP)
A process used to manage and integrate the essential parts of a business to facilitate resource planning since all of the processes needed to run the enterprise or company are contained within a single system.
entity
See covered entity.
entity relationship diagram (ERD)
Specifies the relationships among the entities in a database. Sometimes the implied relationships are apparent based on the entities' definitions; however, all relationships should be specified as to how items relate to one another. There are typically three relationships: one to one, one to many, and many to many.
entrepreneur
A person who assumes the risks of beginning an enterprise or a business and accepts responsibility for organizing and managing the organization.
enumerative approach
Nursing terminology in which words or phrases are presented in a list or a simple hierarchy; gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all the objects that fall under the concept or term in question.
epistemology
Study of the nature and origin of knowledge; what it means to know.
ergonomics
In the United States, this term is used to describe the physical characteristics of equipment-for example, the optimal fit of a scissors to a human hand. In Europe, it is synonymous with human factors-that is, the interaction of humans with physical attributes of equipment or the interaction of humans and the arrangement of equipment in the work environment.
ethical decision-making
The process of making informed choices about ethical dilemmas based on a set of standards that differentiate right from wrong. The decision-making reflects an understanding of the principles and standards of ethical decision-making as well as the philosophical approaches to ethical decision-making. It requires a systematic framework for addressing the complex and often controversial moral questions.
ethical dilemma
A difficult choice or issue that requires the application of standards or principles to solve. Issues that challenge us ethically.
ethical, social, and legal implications (ESLI)
Consideration and understanding of the ethical, social, or legal connections or aspects of an issue that relate to a moral question of right and wrong.
ethicist
An expert in the arbitrary, ambiguous, and ungrounded judgments of other people. Ethicists know that they make the best decision they can based on the situation and stakeholders at hand.
ethics
A process of systematically examining varying viewpoints related to moral questions of right and wrong.
eudaemonistic
Describes a system of ethical evaluation that involves consideration of which actions lead to being an excellent and happy person.
event
An occurrence that might be significant to other objects in a system or to external agents; for example, creating a laboratory request is an example of a healthcare event in a laboratory application. An event is defined as and could be a triggering event for the task or workflow; a task or workflow can have several triggering events.
evidence
Artifacts, productions, attestations, or other examples that demonstrate an individual's knowledge, skills, or valued attributes.
evidence-based practice (EBP)
Nursing practice that is informed by research-generated evidence of best practices.
exabyte (EB)
A unit of measure for computer memory equal to one quintillion bytes of computer memory.
execute
To carry out the instructions of a program or software.
expert system
A decision-support system that implements the knowledge of one or more human experts.
exploratory data analysis (EDA)
Approach that uses mainly graphical techniques to gain insight into a data set. It identifies the most important variables. Conducted during the exploratory phase, EDA provides guidance into the complexity or general nature of the various models that should be considered for implementation during pattern discovery.
extended reality (XR)
The umbrella term in which the X can represent any letter so that the term covers all of the forms of digitally altered realities that currently exist and other immersive technologies to be developed.
extensibility
A system design feature that allows for future expansion without the need for changing the basic infrastructure.
Most widely used teaching method among nurse educators where the teacher and learners meet together in one location at the same time.
failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA)
A systematic evaluation of a process to determine how and why it failed to produce the desired results.
fair use
Doctrine that permits the limited use of original works without the copyright holder's permission-for example, quoting or citing an author in a scholarly manuscript.
fantasy
The activity of imagining things; hypothetical fiction set in an imaginary world or universe.
far-field communication
A region of the electromagnetic field around an object that extends beyond the near-field communication (NFC) region.
Federal Health Information Exchange (FHIE)
A federal information technology healthcare initiative that enables the secure electronic one-way exchange of patient medical information from the Department of Defense's legacy health information system, the Composite Health Care System, for all separated service members to VISTA, the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture. The point of care in veterans' affairs.
feedback
Input in the form of opinions about or reactions to something, such as shared knowledge. In an information system, feedback refers to information from the system that is used to make modifications in the input, processing action, or output.
fidelity
The extent to which a simulation mimics the processes of a real environment; in the context of ethics, the right to what has been promised.
field
A column, or attribute, of an entity in a database.
field study
A study in which end users evaluate a prototype in the actual work setting prior to its general release. Also called a field test, an alpha test, or a beta test.
financial system
A system used to manage the expenses and revenues accrued while providing health care. The finance, auditing, and accounting departments within an organization most commonly use a financial system. This system determines the direction for maintenance and growth for a given facility. A financial system often interfaces to share information with materials management, staffing, and billing systems to balance the financial effect of these resources within an organization. A financial system reports the fiscal outcomes so that they can be tracked against the organizational goals of an institution. This system is one of the major decision-making factors as healthcare institutions prepare their fiscal budgets. It often plays a pivotal role in determining the strategic direction for an organization.
firewall
A tool commonly used by organizations to protect their corporate networks when they are connected to the internet. A firewall can be hardware or software or a combination of the two. It examines all incoming messages or traffic to the network. The firewall can be set up to allow only messages from known senders into the corporate network; it can also be set up to look at outgoing information from the corporate network.
firmware
Hardware and software programs or data written onto read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), and erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM).
flash drive
Small, removable storage device.
flash memory
Special type of electronically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed in blocks instead of one byte at a time. Many modern personal computers have their basic input/output system (BIOS) stored on a flash memory chip so that it can easily be updated if necessary.
Foundation of Knowledge model
A model that proposes that humans are organic information systems who constantly acquire, process, generate, and disseminate information or knowledge in both their professional and their personal lives. The organizing framework of this text.
free/libre open source software (FLOSS)
A designation that refers to freedom and not cost, offering the following freedoms: to be able to run the program, to study the source code, to be able to change the program in source code form, and to be able to distribute modified versions of the program.
free/open source software (F/OSS or FOSS)
A designation that is ambiguous since it fails to clearly explain that the word free in its title refers to freedom. It offers the following freedoms: to be able to run the program, to study the source code, to be able to change the program in source code form, and to be able to distribute modified versions of the program.
A structured activity undertaken for enjoyment.
game mechanics
The rules, instructions, directions, and constructs that players interact with while playing the game. It is imperative that the rules be clearly stated in the instructions or directions so that the players know what is expected of them, and the game itself has rules that it, too, must obey. The mechanics determine how the players interact with the rules, and the game responds to the players' moves or behaviors within the game, thus connecting the players' actions to the purpose of the game.
gameplay
How players interact with, or play, a game.
Generation Z (Gen Z)
The generation of Americans born between 1997 and 2012 who are considered digital natives since they were born into an innovative technology world with ubiquitous social media and immediately accessible data and information.
gigabyte (GB)
A unit of measure used to express bytes of data storage and capability in computer systems; 1 GB equals 1,000 megabytes.
gigahertz (GHz)
A unit of measure used to express speed and power of some components, such as the microprocessor; 1 GHz equals 1,000 megahertz.
Glass
A wearable computer from Google that can take pictures, play video, and display text messages without anyone else knowing. Currently, it costs approximately $1,500.
good
Favorable outcome in ethics.
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
The highest audit institution of the federal government that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the U.S. Congress.
Graphical user interface (GUI [pronounced “gooey”])
Software that provides a user-friendly desktop metaphor interface that is made up of the input and output devices as well as icons that represent files, programs, actions, and processes.
graphics card
A board that plugs into a personal computer to give it display capabilities.
gray gap
A term used to reflect the age disparities in computer connectivity; there are fewer persons older than age 65 who use computer technology than members of younger age groups.
gulf of evaluation
The gap between knowing one's intention (goal) and knowing the effects of one's actions.
gulf of execution
The gap between knowing what one wants to have happen (the goal) and knowing what to do to bring it about (the means to achieve the goal).
Computer-savvy individual most commonly thought of as a malicious person who hacks, or breaks through, security to steal or alter data and information; can also be any member of a group of computer aficionados who band together in clubs and organizations or who use their skills as a hobby.
handheld device
A computer that is small enough to be used while holding in one's hand or easily carried in a pocket; synonymous with a personal digital assistant (PDA).
haptics
The science of applying tactile sensation or touch to human-computer interactions, which allows users to use special input/output devices, such as joysticks, data gloves, and sensors, to feel and manipulate a virtual three-dimensional object's attributes of texture, shape, surface, temperature, and/or weight.
hard disk
Magnetic disk that stores electronic data.
hard drive
Permanent data storage area that holds the data, information, documents, and programs saved on the computer, even when the computer is off. The actual physical body of the computer and its components.
hardware
Physical or tangible parts of the computer. Computer parts that one can touch and are involved in the performance or function of the computer, such as the keyboard and monitor.
harm
Physical or mental injury or damage. Unfavorable outcome in ethics.
head-mounted display (HMD)
A display device worn on the head with optics placed in front of the eye/eyes; used in virtual reality scenarios and for gaming.
healthcare-associated infection (HAI)
An infection that patients acquire while being treated in a healthcare facility.
health disparity
A health status difference between different groups of people, especially minorities and nonminorities; the gaps between the health status of minorities and nonminorities in the United States are ongoing even with the advances in technology and healthcare practices.
health information
Healthcare providers collect information to identify a patient and formulate a plan of care; this information consists of demographic information, diagnostic tests, insurance information, and any other data and information necessary that are collected about a patient.
health information exchange (HIE)
Organization that prepares and organizes people and resources to manage healthcare information electronically across organizations within a community or region.
health information technology (HIT)
Hardware, software, integrated technologies or related licenses, intellectual property, upgrades, or packaged solutions sold as services that are designed for or support the use by healthcare entities or patients for the electronic creation, maintenance, access, or exchange of health information.
Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act
Title XIII of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which was enacted in February 2009. Under this act, healthcare organizations can qualify for financial incentives based on the level of meaningful use achieved; the HITECH Act specifically incentivizes health organizations and providers to become meaningful users.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Law signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996 addressing the need for standards to regulate and safeguard health information and making provisions for health insurance coverage for employed persons who change jobs.
Health Level Seven International (HL7)
An accredited standards-developing organization that is committed to developing standard terminologies for information technology that support interoperability of healthcare information management systems.
health literacy
The acquisition of knowledge that promotes the ability to understand and manage one's health.
health management information system (HMIS)
An information system that is specially intended to support and help with the planning, resource allocation, and management of health programming to make health care more effective and efficient; an information system that plans and manages health programs rather than the actual delivery of health care.
Health New England
An example of an implementation model for building regional health information organizations that are functional, sustainable, and growing while reducing administrative costs.
heuristic evaluation
An evaluation in which a small number of evaluators (often experts in relevant fields, such as human factors or cognitive engineering) evaluate the degree to which an interface design complies with recognized usability principles (the heuristics).
high-hazard drug
A drug known to cause significant adverse side effects when administered inappropriately; a drug subject to frequent administration errors.
hologram
A physical structure that diffracts light into a three-dimensional image projection that can be seen without the use of a specialized camera, headset, or glasses.
home health care
An alternative site for healthcare services that typically focuses on post-hospital discharge patient needs.
home telehealth care
Home healthcare clinical and educational services provided via telecommunications-ready tools.
HONcode
One of the two most common symbols that internet users look for to identify trusted health sites.
hospital information system (HIS)
An information system intended to manage the clinical, financial, and administrative needs of the hospital; refers to the paper-based, as well as computer-based, information processing that manages the functional aspects (i.e., administrative, financial, and clinical) of a hospital.
human-computer interaction (HCI)
How people use and interact with computers; the study of how people use computers and software applications and the ways that computers influence people.
human enhancement technology (HET)
Biomedical and other technology that augments a person using human-machine integration, such as the use of artificial limbs or other prosthetics; it can make a healthy person healthier or stronger or a smart person even smarter using human genetic engineering.
human factor
Any characteristic of a person that may influence how they interact with technology.
human factors engineering
Recognizing the limitations of human performance and developing products to overcome those limitations.
human intelligence (HI)
Human intelligence is the capacity and aptitude of humans to obtain, capture, harness, and apply knowledge and wisdom through complex and multifaceted cognitive, affective, and intellectual acts generated through motivation, innovation, creativity, and mindfulness or self-awareness.
human mental workload (MWL)
Mental processing or cognitive demands placed on a person when they are interacting with technology.
human-technology interaction (HTI)
How users interact with technology. The study of that interaction.
human-technology interface
The hardware and software through which the user interacts with any technology (e.g., computers, patient monitors, or telephones).
hybrid
A descriptor for individual courses in which instruction is delivered using multiple formats, such as online, face-to-face, print based, or audio- or videoconferencing.
hypertext
Clickable words that allow users to access another document at a remote location.
A 3D environment that engages you and makes you suspend reality because it feels like you are there, surrounded by the environment.
implementation science
Studies that focus specifically on implementation processes to identify barriers to the implementation of new practices based on evidence.
Indiana Health Information Exchange (IHIE)
A collaborative effort among institutions in Indiana to provide high-quality patient care and enhance the safety and efficiency of health care.
informatics innovator
One who makes enhancements or improvements and creative, novel, and inventive solutions in the informatics specialty.
informatics nurse specialist (INS)
A registered nurse with graduate-level education in the field of informatics or a related field who is considered a specialist in the field of nursing informatics.
information
Data that are interpreted, organized, or structured. Data processed using knowledge or data made functional through the application of knowledge.
Information Age
Period at the end of the 20th century, when information was easily accessible using computers, networks, and the internet.
information literacy
Recognizing when information is needed and having the ability to locate, evaluate, and effectively use the needed information. An intellectual framework for finding, understanding, evaluating, and using information.
information science
The science of information, studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interfacing or interaction between people, organizations, and information systems. An extensive, interdisciplinary science that integrates features from cognitive science, communication science, computer science, library science, and social science.
information system (IS)
The manual and/or automated components of a system of users or people, recorded data, and actions used to process the data into information for a user, a group of users, or an organization.
information technology (IT)
Use of hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information using voice, data, and video, or the use of technology from computing, electronics, and telecommunications to process and distribute information in digital and other forms; anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the internet, or the people who work with these technologies. Many hospitals have IT departments for managing the computers, networks, and other technical areas of the healthcare industry.
information user
The person who accesses and makes use of information made available to them.
infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Cloud-based services that provide a rentable backbone to companies to provide the scalable, on-demand infrastructure they need to support their dynamic workloads; users pay for only what they use, and they do not have to invest in hardware, including networks, storage, and data center space.
in-plane switching liquid-crystal display (IPS LCD)
Smartphone display using polarized light that passes through a color filter, with all the pixels backlit. The liquid crystals control the brightness and which pixels are on or off. The active matrix provides crisp, vivid colors and darker blacks.
input
Data and information entered into a computer system.
instant message (IM)
A form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text that is conveyed via computers that are connected over a network.
integration
Assimilating or combining to make whole; in computer terminology, the process through which different technologies-software and hardware components-are synchronized and combined to make a functional and structural system.
integrity
Quality and accuracy. Employees need to have confidence that the information they are provided is true. To accomplish this, organizations need clear policies to clarify how data are actually input, determine who has the authorization to change such data, and track how and when data are changed.
intelligence
Mental ability to think logically, reason, prepare, ideate, assess alternative solutions to problems, problem solve by choosing a proposed solution, think abstractly, comprehend and grasp ideas, understand and use language, and learn.
Intelligence of Things (IoT)
Consists of intelligent or smart devices and sensors that can communicate, interact with each other, and take actions based on information collected from various things or devices.
interaction
Interfacing with users commonly using tasks or notifications.
interactive technology
A technology that promotes or supports user communication with other persons (e.g., email) or that depends on a user's response (e.g., games).
interdisciplinary collaboration
A cooperative relationship among actively engaged professionals whereby healthcare decision-making is shared effectively to combine their collective knowledge and skills to provide care.
interface
A mechanism or system used by separate things to interact. For example, if one wants to change a CD in a CD player, one could use a remote; the human user is not related to the CD player but can interact with it using the remote control. Therefore, the remote control becomes the interface that enables that person to tell the CD player which CD to play.
International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP)
An agreed-upon designated set of terms that are used to record nursing care globally, including observations and interventions made by the nurse. This framework provides a means to share and compare nursing care across practice settings.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
An international network supporting collaboration among the standards-developing agencies of numerous countries for the development of consistent standards in a multitude of industries to support a global economy. ISO is best known in the technology industries for the ISO 9000 standards. See International Standards Organization.
Internet2
A nonprofit consortium that develops and deploys advanced network applications and technologies for education and high-speed data transfer purposes. Led by 212 universities, it is also known as University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development.
internet browser
Software used to locate and display web pages. Also known as a web browser or just a browser.
Internet of Everything (IoE)
The connections among people, data, processes, and electronic devices.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Electronic devices that connect with each other to provide real-time data and interpretation of data without human intervention.
interoperability
Ability of various systems and organizations to work together to exchange information.
interprofessional collaboration
When two or more professionals from different disciplines work jointly together, such as when nurses and physicians collaborate to formulate and evaluate a plan of care for a patient.
interprofessional team
A collection of professionals (e.g., physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physical therapists, and nutritionists) who work together to deliver patient care and improve outcomes.
intrusion detection device
Both hardware and software that allow an organization to monitor who is using its network and which files that user has accessed.
intrusion detection system
Method of security that uses both hardware and software detection devices as a system that can be set up to monitor a single computer or an entire network. Corporations must diligently monitor for unauthorized access of their networks.
intuition
A way of acquiring knowledge that cannot be obtained by inference, deduction, observation, reason, analysis, or experience.
Iowa model
A model that facilitates the translation of research evidence into clinical practice. Also known as the Iowa model of evidence-based practice.
iPod
The name given to a family of portable MP3 players from Apple.
iteration
Replication and refinement of a method until it meets a goal or provides the desired result; each repetition is referred to as an iteration.
Small, removable storage device.
just culture
An atmosphere of trust. In a just culture, everyone understands what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior and is urged and rewarded for supplying vital safety-related information.
justice
Fairness. Treatment of everyone in the same way.
Set of keys resembling an actual typewriter that permits the user to input data into a computer.
key field
Within each database record, one of the fields identified as the primary key. It contains a code, name, number, or other bit of information that acts as a unique identifier for that record. In a healthcare system, for example, a patient is assigned a patient number, or ID, that is unique for that patient.
kinesthesia
See proprioception
knowledge
The awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision; abounds with others' thoughts and information. Information that is synthesized so that relationships are identified and formalized. Understanding that comes through a process of interaction or experience with the world around us. Information that has judgment applied to it or meaning extracted from it. Processed information that helps to clarify or explain some portion of our environment or world that we can use as a basis for action or upon which we can act. Internal process of thinking or cognition. External process of testing, senses, observation, and interacting.
knowledge acquisition
The act of getting knowledge.
knowledge builder
A person who examines, interprets, and compares clinical data and trends with an eye toward improving clinical practice based on the available evidence.
knowledge dissemination
Distribution and sharing of knowledge.
knowledge domain process (KDP) model
A model that represents knowledge construction and dissemination in an organization.
knowledge exchange
The product of collaboration when sharing an understanding of information promotes learning to make better decisions in the future.
knowledge generation
The creation of new knowledge by changing and evolving knowledge based on one's experience, education, and input from others.
knowledge management system (KMS)
Repository of information that contains the latest collective expertise based on experience and research. The knowledge is typically stored in a computerized system that promotes easy access for use.
knowledge network
A digital collection that provides high-quality knowledge support to its users.
knowledge processing
The process of gathering, perceiving, analyzing, synthesizing, storing, manipulating, conveying, and transmitting knowledge.
knowledge user
An individual or a group that benefits from valuable, viable knowledge.
knowledge worker
A person who works with information and generates information and knowledge as a product.
A system that reports on blood, body fluid, and tissue samples along with biological specimens that are collected at the bedside and received in a central laboratory. This system provides clinicians with reference ranges for tests indicating high, low, or normal values so that they can make care decisions. Often, the laboratory system provides result information directing clinicians toward the next course of action within a treatment regimen.
laptop
Portable, battery-powered computer that the user can take with them. Also known as a notebook.
latex-based simulation
A simulation using mannequins or other training devices made of latex.
Lean
A managerial team-based approach to enhance performance and remove waste and defects in workflow processes.
learning management system (LMS)
A software application that provides institutions with a framework for all aspects of the learning process that generally use AI and other smart technologies.
levels of prevention
The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary is preventing pathophysiologic changes. Secondary is early detection and intervention. Tertiary is chronic with the aim of minimizing the deficits and maximizing the potential.
liberty
The independence from controlling influences.
library science
An interdisciplinary science that integrates law, applied science, and the humanities to study issues and topics related to libraries (i.e., collection, organization, preservation, archiving, and dissemination of information resources).
local area network (LAN)
Organizationally based network that is joined together locally.
logic
A system of thinking that uses principles of inference and reasoned ideas to govern action.
A subset of artificial intelligence that permits computers to learn either inductively or deductively. Inductive machine learning is the process of reasoning and making generalizations or extracting patterns and rules from huge data sets-that is, reasoning from a large number of examples to a general rule. Deductive machine learning moves from premises that are assumed true to conclusions that must be true if the premises are true.
main memory
A computer's internal memory.
malicious code
Software that includes spyware, viruses, worms, and Trojan horses.
malicious insider
A person inside or an employee of an organization who sabotages or adds malicious code or hacks into systems to cause damage or steal data and information.
malware
Malicious software; an evil, malicious program that infects a device and is intended to steal information or take control of, irritate, damage, or destroy data, information, or the device.
managed care information system (MCIS)
An information system that crosses organizational boundaries so that data can be obtained at any and all of the patient areas; this system makes it possible for nurses and physicians to make clinical decisions while being mindful of their financial ramifications.
mapping
How environmental facts (e.g., the order of light switches or variables in a physiological monitoring display) are accurately depicted by the information presentation.
mask
A method that a proxy server uses to protect the identity of a corporation's employees while they are surfing the World Wide Web. The proxy server keeps track of which employees are using which masks and directs the traffic appropriately.
Massachusetts Health Data Consortium (MHDC)
A consortium of regional healthcare organizations that collects data, publishes comparative information, supports and promotes electronic standards, educates, and researches.
massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG)
A game using the internet to provide a shared, simultaneous experience for dozens or even hundreds of players.
massive open online course (MOOC)
A virtual or an online course with unlimited participation and open access via the web. Typically, a MOOC provides interactive opportunities using social media or other means to support community interactions among learners and teachers.
meaningful use (MU)
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 specifies three components of meaningful use: (1) the use of a certified electronic health record (EHR) in a meaningful manner, such as e-prescribing; (2) the use of certified EHR technology for electronic exchange of health information to improve quality of health care; and (3) the use of certified EHR technology to submit clinical quality and other measures. The criteria for meaningful use was staged in three steps. Stage 1 (2011-2012) set the baseline for electronic data capture and information sharing. Stage 2 (2013) and Stage 3 (2015) continued to expand on this baseline and were developed through future rulemaking.
medical home model
A model to provide complete, comprehensive, and uninterrupted health care that is led by the healthcare provider. This model uses a team-based approach to healthcare delivery to achieve optimal health outcomes; it is also known as the patient-centered medical home.
medical informatics
A specialty that integrates medical science, computer science, cognitive science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in medical practice.
Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA)
An act that reformed Medicare payments by making changes that created a Quality Payment Program (QPP) to replace the hodgepodge system of Medicare reporting programs.
medication management device
A telecommunications-ready medication device used to remind or otherwise alert patients to medication compliance needs.
MEDLINE
A database that contains more than 22 million records, maintained and produced by the National Library of Medicine.
megabyte (MB)
A unit of measure used to express the amount of data storage and capability in computer systems; 1 MB equals 1,000 kilobytes.
memory
Data stored in digital format; generally refers to random-access memory (RAM).
Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS)
The Reauthorization Act of 2015 (MACRA) reformed Medicare payments by making changes that created a Quality Payment Program (QPP) to replace the hodgepodge system of Medicare reporting programs. The MACRA QPP has two paths-Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) or Alternative Payment Model (APM)-which will be in effect through 2021 and beyond. As a consolidation and refinement of various incentive programs, MIPS is an important program, but it neither aspires to nor will drive change in the value of health care at anywhere near the levels of change that the retirement of the baby boomer generation will force upon Medicare and society.
meta-analysis
A form of systematic review that uses statistical methods to combine the results of several research studies.
meta-learning
Learning that combines the predictions from several data mining models with the goal of synthesizing these predicted classifications to generate a final best predicted classification, also known as stacking.
metaverse
The evolution of the latest frontier of the internet that is continuously accessible and available, trisecting artificial intelligence (AI), the realities (mixed reality [MR]: augmented reality [AR] through virtual reality [VR]), and our psychosocioeconomic digital and physical presence. The metaverse promises hyperconnected blurred or blended reality experienced through seamless immersive interactive exchanges on the devices we use, from laptops to tablets to smartphones.
metrics
Measurements or sets of measurements to quantify performance; they provide understanding about the performance of a process or function. Typically, within clinical technology projects, one identifies and collects specific metrics about the performance of the technology or metrics that capture the level of participation or adoption. Equally important is the need for process performance metrics. Process metrics are collected at the initial stage of a project or problem identification. Current-state metrics are then benchmarked against internal indicators. When there are no internal indicators to benchmark against, a suitable course of action is to benchmark against an external source, such as a similar business practice within a different industry.
microblog
A social media site where the users make frequent, short posts; a type of blog where users post small texts or pieces of digital content, such as pictures, images, video, or audio on the internet. These posts are called microposts, and they are immediately available to view.
microblogging
Refers to making frequent, short posts to a microblog.
micropost
A brief post to a personal blog on a microblogging social media site, such as Twitter; could be a series of brief posts.
microprocessor
A chip that integrates the processor onto one circuit, incorporating the functions of the computer's central processing unit. Microprocessors continue to evolve in terms of their processing capacity.
milestone
Predetermined planned occurrence that indicates the completion or achievement of a deliverable.
millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
The number of machine instructions that a computer can execute in one second-in this case, millions per second.
mind
The brain's conscious processing; encompasses thought processes, memory, imagination and creativity, emotions, perceptions, and inner drive or will.
mixed reality (MR)
The blending of the physical world with the digital world to create new environments and visualizations along the continuum from augmented reality (AR) to virtual reality (VR).
mobile
Refers to our ability to move freely without compromising our professional and personal connectivity and relates to laptops, smartphones, and tablets (among others) that support our ability to work, play, and socialize from anywhere.
mobile app
Software program that operates or runs on smartphones and other mobile communication devices. It can also be an accessory that attaches or connects to a smartphone or other mobile communication device or a combination of accessory and software.
mobile computing
A technology that allows human-computer interaction wherever a person is, which transports the capability of transmitting data, voice, and video with them.
mobile device
A handheld computer, such as a smartphone or tablet.
mobile health (mHealth)
Health-related uses of mobile technology, including mobile phones (and increasingly, internet-enabled, wireless-connected smartphones), personal digital assistants, tablet computers and subnotebook microcomputers, remote diagnostic and monitoring devices, and global positioning system (GPS)/geographic information system (GIS) mapping equipment; set of apps, devices, and connections supported by mobile devices for medical and public health use.
modeling
Refers to creating a representation or model, such as making 3D models.
modem (modulator-demodulator)
Hardware that allows a user to send and receive information over the phone or cable lines-for example, with a computer. It enables internet connectivity via a telephone line or cable connection through network adaptors situated within the computer apparatus.
monitor
Computer display that allows the user to view text and graphic images.
moral
A social convention about right and wrong human conduct that is socially constructed and tacitly agreed upon as good or right.
moral dilemma
A situation for which there is no clear evidence that one of several alternatives is morally right or wrong.
moral right
An ethical privilege.
MoSCoW
Must have, should have, could have, and would have; an approach in which a team works with stakeholders to develop a prioritized requirements list and a development plan.
motherboard
A key foundational computer component. All other components are connected to it in some way (by local sockets or cables or attached directly to it). The essential structures of the motherboard include the major chipset, super input/output (I/O) chip, basic input/output system (BIOS), read-only memory (ROM), bus communications pathways, and a variety of sockets that allow components to plug into it.
mouse
A small device that one can roll along or scroll to control the movement of the pointer or cursor on a display and click to search for and/or execute features.
MP3 aggregator
A program that can facilitate the process of finding, subscribing to, and downloading podcasts. A commonly known aggregator is Apple's iTunes, which is a free program available as a download from apple.com. Using a program such as iTunes gives the user the ability to search for podcasts based on many criteria, including category, author, or title. iTunes provides access to audio downloads, which may be either songs or podcasts.
MP4
A digital multimedia file format capable of storing video and audio.
MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3 (MP3)
Digital or electronic audio programming format.
multidimensional database
A database that combines data from numerous data sources and is optimized for online analytical processing applications; it uses multidimensional structures to organize the data, and each data attribute is considered as a separate dimension.
multimedia
A computer-based technology that incorporates traditional forms of communication to create a seamless and interactive learning environment.
Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching (MERLOT)
A web-based open resource that provides access to curated online learning and support materials and content creation tools led by an international community of educators, learners, and researchers.
multiuser dungeon (MUD)
A computer program, usually running over the internet, that allows multiple users to participate in virtual-reality role-playing games.
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
A survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that combines both questionnaires and physical examinations to collect data on the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States.
National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII)
An initiative intended to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and overall quality of health and health care in the United States. A comprehensive knowledge-based network of interoperable systems of clinical, public health, and personal health information that would improve decision-making by making health information available when and where it is needed. The set of technology, standards, applications, systems, values, and laws that support all facets of individual health, health care, and public health. The NHII is voluntary and not a centralized database of medical records or a government regulation.
Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN)
An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services charged with the development of a safe, secure, interoperable health information infrastructure. This network is sponsored by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), which began NHIN development in 2004, and consists of a set of standards, policies, and services that enable secure health information exchange (HIE) over the internet.
natural language processing (NLP)
A discipline of computer science concerning the relationship between computers and human language that requires machine learning skills from the disciplines of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. It is the process of using computer algorithms to identify key elements in everyday language and extract meaning from unstructured spoken or written input. The computer is able to understand, analyze, manipulate, and generate natural language.
near-field communication (NFC)
A short-range region of the electromagnetic field around an object that transitions to far field, which has an extended range; a wireless and contactless communication technology that makes a device even smarter because it streamlines information transmissions and is the ultimate in connectivity. It allows the user to wave the smartphone over an NFC- compatible device to send information without having to touch the devices together or complete multiple steps to set up the connection.
near-field communication-enabled medication administration (NFCMA)
A system that takes advantage of a mobile device equipped with a reader for near-field communication (NFC), a wireless communication protocol allowing a secure exchange of small amounts of data by proximity or touch.
Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)
A standard targeted at secure means of making two devices communicate. The NFCIP-1 wireless devices' interfaces configure them to link up where you can bring them together or make them touch in a peer-to-peer network. Using near-field communication (NFC), once the configuration data are exchanged, the devices can then establish and continue communicating for longer-range and quicker protocols such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
negligence
A departure from the standard of due care (i.e., prudent and reasonable care) toward others, including intentionally posing risks that are unreasonable as well as unintentionally but carelessly imposing risks.
negligent insider
A well-meaning but careless employee who unintentionally exposes a network to security vulnerabilities by ignoring or forgetting about proper security procedures.
Net Generation
Students accustomed to surfing the web and interacting online.
network
Computers linked together in a small area scope (i.e., locally and/or organizationally) using a local area network; in a wider area scope (e.g., a city or district) using a metropolitan area network; or over an even greater distance (e.g., a whole country or continent or the internet in general) using a wide area network.
network accessibility
The ability of the network to be accessed by the right user to obtain what that person needs when they need it.
network availability
The state in which network information is accessible when needed.
network security
The specific precautions taken to ensure that the integrity of a network is safe from unauthorized entry and that the data and information stored on the network are accessible only by authorized users.
neural network
A nonlinear predictive model. Such a model learns by training and resembling the structure of a biological neural network. A neural network models the neural behavior of the human brain and is a way to bridge the gap between computers and humans.
neuroscience
The study of the nervous system.
never event
An occurrence that should never happen, such as wrong-site surgeries and retained surgical objects. Although rare, over 4,000 patients per year have the wrong site operated on or retained surgical objects.
Next Generation Internet (NGI)
A government project to develop new and faster technology to enhance research and communication.
Nicomachean ethics
An approach to ethical thinking based on the work of Aristotle.
nonmaleficence
Doing no harm.
nonplayer character (NPC)
An individual in a simulation, virtual world, or game that is controlled by the program, not another person.
nursing informatics (NI)
Traditional definition: A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. Our definition: The synthesis of nursing science, information science, computer science, and cognitive science for the purpose of managing, disseminating, and enhancing healthcare data, information, knowledge, and wisdom to improve collaboration and decision-making; provide high-quality patient care; and advance the profession of nursing. NI is the specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information management and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. NI supports nurses, consumers, patients, the interprofessional healthcare team, and other stakeholders in their decision-making in all roles and settings to achieve desired outcomes. This support is accomplished through the use of information structures, information processes, and information technology.
nursing informatics competencies
A set of essential skills related to informatics that are deemed appropriate for various levels of nursing practice.
nursing science
The ethical application of knowledge acquired through education, research, and practice to provide services and interventions to patients to maintain, enhance, or restore their health; to advocate for health; and to acquire, process, generate, and disseminate nursing knowledge to advance the nursing profession.
nursing theory
Concepts, propositions, and definitions that represent a methodical viewpoint and provide a framework for organizing and standardizing nursing actions.
object-oriented multiuser dungeon (MOO)
Similar to a multiuser dungeon, it is a computer program, usually running over the internet, that allows multiple users to participate in virtual reality role-playing games but with more advanced programming features.
object-oriented systems development (OOSD)
Occurs when objects (small chunks of programs) are used alone or in combination with other objects to create an application that is made up of smaller pieces or objects.
Office for Civil Rights (OCR)
Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and responsible for enforcing the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). It provides significant information and guidance to clinicians who must comply with the Privacy and Security Rules. It has been tracking complaints and investigating violations since 2003.
Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)
An office within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that was established through the HITECH Act. The ONC is headed by the national coordinator, who is responsible for overseeing the development of a nationwide health information technology infrastructure that supports the use and exchange of information.
office suite
Software that is generally distributed together with a consistent user interface that is designed for knowledge workers and clerical personnel. These software packages can interact with each other to enhance productivity and ease of use.
online analytic processing (OLAP)
A fast analysis of shared data stored in a multidimensional database that allows the user to easily and selectively extract and view data from different points of view. OLAP and data mining complement each other, even though they are quite different.
online chat
A synchronous interaction with another person facilitated by an internet connection technology.
ontological approach
Theory that considers ontology development (domain analysis) and its mapping to object models (specification of infrastructure). Based on enumerating all concepts used in a domain and in providing their formal definitions according to suitable formalisms (usually logic based).
Open Access Initiative
A worldwide movement to make a library of knowledge available to anyone with internet access.
open source
Computer software for which the source code is made available for use and/or modification without charge. The developers share code in the hopes that the software will evolve as others modify and improve upon the base.
open source software (OSS)
Software that enables users to freely copy and reuse or repurpose the software by providing access to the source code; free and open use of software source code.
operating system (OS)
The most important software on any computer. It is the very first program to load on computer start-up and is fundamental for the operation of all other software and the computer's hardware.
order entry management
A program that allows a clinician to enter medication and other care orders directly into a computer, including orders for laboratory, microbiology, pathology, radiology, nursing, and medicine; supply orders; ancillary services; and consults.
order entry system
A system that automates the way that orders are initiated for patients. Clinicians place orders within this system, instead of using traditional handwritten transcription onto paper. Such a system provides major safeguards by ensuring that physician orders are legible and complete, thereby providing a level of patient safety that was historically missing with paper-based orders. It also provides decision support and automated alert functionality, which were previously unavailable with paper-based orders.
outcome
Changes, results, and/or effects from inputting and processing.
output
Changes that exit a system and can activate or modify processing.
A code established by the user to identify themselves when they enter the system. Most organizations today enforce a strong password policy. Strong password policies include using combinations of letters, numbers, and special characters, such as plus (+) signs and ampersands (&). Policies typically include the enforcement of changing passwords every 30 or 60 days.
patient care information system (PCIS)
Patient-centered information system focused on collecting data and disseminating information related to direct care. Several of these systems have become mainstream types of systems used in health care. The four types of systems most commonly found in healthcare organizations are (1) clinical documentation systems, (2) pharmacy information systems, (3) laboratory information systems, and (4) radiology information systems.
patient care support system
A system of components that make up each of the specialty disciplines within health care and their associated patient-care information systems. The four types of systems most commonly found in healthcare organizations are (1) clinical documentation systems, (2) pharmacy information systems, (3) laboratory information systems, and (4) radiology information systems.
patient centered
Focused on the patient rather than on the illness or healthcare professional, with the patient becoming an active participant in their own healthcare initiatives. Patients as active participants receive services designed to meet their individual needs and preferences, under the guidance and counsel of their healthcare professionals. Data, observations, interventions, and outcomes focused on direct patient care.
patient-centered care
Care that is responsive to and cognizant of patient preferences, values, and needs.
patient engagement
Refers to the patient wanting to and being able to actively participate by cooperating and collaborating with their healthcare provider to have their unique perspective included in their own care regimen and to optimize their outcomes and their experience during their healthcare process.
patient informed consent
A document that a patient signs to agree to treatment. A document that a home healthcare patient signs to agree to receive telehealthcare services in addition to conventional home health care.
Patient Room ‘Next' (PRN)
An approach to provide high-quality healthcare to patients wherever they are; it is an agile, integrated framework to improve the quality of health care no matter where care is provided.
patient support
The total array of tools and software that can be used to provide information and assistance to help meet the healthcare needs of consumers.
perception
The process of acquiring knowledge about the environment or situation by obtaining, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information from seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling. Sensory experience foundational to formulating knowledge.
peripheral biometric (medical) device
A telecommunications-ready measurement device, such as a blood pressure cuff or blood glucose meter, that typically uses a household telephone jack to transmit patient data to a central server location.
peripheral component interconnection (PCI)
Mechanism for attaching peripheral devices to a motherboard via computer bus, expansion slots, or integrated circuits.
personal computer (PC)
Computer made for individual use or directly used by an end user.
personal emergency response system (PERS)
A signaling device that enables patients to access emergency and other care needs.
petabyte (PB)
A unit of information or computer storage equal to 1 quadrillion bytes, or 1,000 terabytes.
pharmacy information system
An information system that facilitates the ordering, managing, and dispensing of medications for a facility. It also commonly incorporates allergy and height and weight information for effective medication management; it streamlines the order entry, dispensing, verification, and authorization process for medication administration while often interfacing with clinical documentation and an order entry system so that clinicians can order and document the administration of medications and prescriptions to patients while having the benefits of decision-support alerting and interaction checking.
phishing
An attempt to steal information by manipulating the recipient of an email or phone call to provide passwords or other private information.
picture archiving and communication system (PACS)
A system that is designed to collect, store, and distribute medical images, such as computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance images, and X-rays; it replaces traditional hard copy films with digital media that are easy to store, retrieve, and present to clinicians. This system may be a stand-alone system, separate from the main radiology system, or it can be integrated with a radiology information system and a computer information system. The benefit of a PACS is its ability to assist in diagnosis and store vital patient care support data.
platform as a service (PaaS)
Cloud computing service that provides everything needed to support the cloud application's building and delivering life cycle, which enables users to develop and launch custom web applications rapidly to the cloud.
plug and play
The ability to easily add new devices to a computer without having to manually install and reconfigure the computer to accept the device.
podcast
A digital media file or collection of related files that are distributed over the internet using syndication or a subscription feed for playback on portable media players, such as MP3 players, laptops, and personal computers; the subscription relies on RSS (really simple syndication) feeds. Online media delivery. Enhanced podcasts contain slides and pictures; vodcasts contain videos.
policy
A basic principle that guides behavior and performance and is enforced. For example, in a corporation, corporate policy would be enforced by corporate administration; the U.S. government enforces public policy.
population health management
A term adopted by healthcare management companies to express their goal of achieving optimal health outcomes at a reasonable cost. The management process involves data collection and trend analyses that are used to predict clinical outcomes in a group of people.
portability
Ability to be transported easily. For example, users can easily take handheld computers wherever they go.
portal
A tool for organizing information from web pages into simple menus on a desktop computer. Also, a multifunctional telehealthcare platform for receiving, retrieving, and displaying patients' vital signs and other information transmitted from telecommunications-ready medical devices.
portfolio
A collection of evidence used to demonstrate knowledge and skill achievement. A nursing portfolio provides the opportunity for a student to document a variety of sometimes unquantifiable skills, such as creativity, communication, and critical thinking.
power supply
A device that supplies electrical energy, or power; the device that provides the electrical energy, or power, to the computer. A battery can be a source of energy, or power.
prebrief
The simulation stage in which the student receives the simulation information: goal, educational outcomes, and related course or program outcomes. The simulation is explained and focused for students. They should know how to prepare for the activity and be told what is expected of them, provided with the background necessary to be able to fully enact their role in the activity, and given specifics about how they will be assessed. Students must also be provided with the time frame within which the simulation must be completed.
prebrief, enactment, debrief, and assessment (PEDA)
The process used to run a simulation scenario.
presence
The act of being fully there with patients; exclusively focusing on patients and their unique needs.
presentation
Act of presenting or showing; typically uses presentation software in a slide show format. The most commonly used presentation software in the United States is Microsoft PowerPoint.
prevention informatics
Harnessing real-time social data and aggregating and representing these data in a meaningful way so that an appropriate healthcare prevention initiative can be mounted proactively.
primary key
A field within a record (also known as the key field) that contains a code, name, number, or other bit of information that acts as a unique identifier for that record. In a healthcare system, for example, a patient is assigned a patient number, or ID, that is unique for that patient.
principlism
A foundation for ethical decision-making. Principles are expansive enough to be shared by all rational individuals, regardless of their backgrounds and individual beliefs.
privacy
An important issue related to personal information about the owner of the information or about other individuals that focuses on sharing this information with others electronically and the mechanisms that restrict access to this personal information.
problem based
Typically, refers to a type of student-centered instructional strategy whereby students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences.
problem-solving
Cognitive process of critically thinking through a problem or issue to determine a course of action.
process analysis
Breaking down the work process into a sequential series of steps that can be examined and assessed to improve effectiveness and efficiency; explains how work takes place or gets done or how it can be done.
processing
Acting on something by taking it through established procedures to convert it from one form to another. Examples include the processing of information into data and the processing of a credit application to get a loan.
process map
A visual depiction of the output of a workflow analysis process.
processor
Newer term for central processing unit (CPU); the component that executes computer programs, which is thought of as the brain controlling the functioning of the computer; the computer component that actually executes, calculates, and processes the binary computer code instigated by the operating system and other applications on the computer. It serves as the command center that directs the actions of all other components of the computer and manages both incoming and outgoing data.
process owner
One of several persons who directly engage in the workflow to be analyzed and redesigned and have the ultimate responsibility for the performance of the process. These individuals can speak about the intricacy of the process, including process variations from the normal. When constructing a team, it is important to include individuals who are able to contribute information about the exact current-state workflow and offer suggestions for future-state improvements.
product developer
One who designs, creates, and builds a product, such as a computer program, network, and/or system. One who employs productivity software to create a product.
productivity software
Programs or software that helps us compose, create, or develop. An example is the Microsoft Office suite of productivity tools, which offers word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation, and web tools to help us complete both professional and personal tasks.
professional development
Acquisition of skills required for maintaining a specific career path or general skills offered through continuing education, including the more general skills area of personal development. It can be seen as training to keep current with changing technology and practices in a profession or as part of the concept of lifelong learning.
professional networking
Connecting with other professionals in a field with a predetermined and focused purpose as well as an identified target audience in mind.
programmable read-only memory (PROM)
Form of digital memory whereby the setting of each bit is locked on a chip by a fuse or an antifuse. PROM is used to store programs permanently, so it is useful in applications for which the programming needs to be permanent. The device cannot be erased, so it must be replaced if changes are deemed necessary in the system.
project manager
The person responsible for the success of a project who manages the planning and enactment of the project.
proprioception
The perception or sense of the relative position of body segments in relation to other parts of the body; the awareness of the position and movement of the body or the ability of the body to sense where it is, its location, and its movements and actions; also known as kinesthesia.
protected health information (PHI)
Any and all information about a person's health that is tied to any type of personal identification.
prototype
Original mock-up or first model; original form that is studied, tested, and processed before duplication.
proxy server
Hardware security tool to help protect an organization against security breaches.
pseudo AI
Using humans to complete the tasks assigned to artificial intelligence (AI). Companies that cannot navigate the complexities of AI employ human impostors who fake AI by pretending to be the machines assigned to do the work of humans.
PsycArticles
A database that provides complete access to approximately 80 journals in behavioral science and nursing, among other fields.
psychology
The field that studies the mind and behavior.
PsycInfo
A comprehensive database in the field of education and psychology.
public health
The science of protecting the well-being of communities and the population through education, research, intervention, and prevention.
public health informatics (PHI)
An aspect of informatics focused on the promotion of health and disease prevention in populations and communities.
Public Health Information Network (PHIN)
A division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that promotes semantic interoperability and secure data exchange among public health information systems.
public health intervention
An action taken to promote and secure the well-being of a population or a community.
PubMed
A free full-text searchable archive of biomedical sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM).
Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR)
Introduced for the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) beginning in 2014, a QCDR will complete the collection and submission of PQRS quality measures data on behalf of individual eligible professionals (EPs) and PQRS group practices. As of 2016, a QCDR is a Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services-approved entity that collects medical and/or clinical data for the purpose of patient and disease tracking to foster improvement in the quality of care provided to patients.
qualified electronic health record
An electronic record containing health-related information on an individual, which consists of the individual's demographic and clinical health information, including medical history and a list of health problems, and supports entry of physician orders. A qualified electronic health record can capture and query information relevant to healthcare quality and exchange electronic health information with and assimilate such information from other sources to provide support for clinical decision-making.
qualitative study
A type of research design that focuses on the human experience of a phenomenon using words, concepts, language, and meanings, rather than numbers, to capture the essence of the subject under study. Subjective study.
quality
A level or grade of excellence; relative merit; a distinct or essential characteristic, attribute, or property.
quality improvement (QI)
A systematic process using data metrics and outcome measures to enact a change to an organization's process or workflow with the goal of enhancing the quality of the process or the outcome.
Quality Payment Program (QPP)
This program rewards value and outcomes through the Merit-based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) and advanced alternative payment models (APMs).
quality, research, and public health (QRPH)
This health information exchange (HIE) domain was formed in 2007 to address use cases related to repurposing clinical data for secondary uses through information exchange and electronic health record (EHR) standards to allow information to be shared that is relevant to quality improvement in patient care, clinical research, and public health monitoring.
quantitative study
Research that looks at the what, where, and when to provide understanding of phenomena based on quantifying data and using statistical measures; depending on the research, it may ascertain cause-and-effect relationships. Objective study.
quantum bit (qubit)
Three-dimensional array of atoms in a quantum state.
quantum computing
Using a quantum computer.
query
A form of questioning. A request for information-for example, a database query.
QWERTY
Name given to the typical computer keyboard layout, derived from the six letters in the first row below the number row.
radio-frequency identification (RFID)
Uses radio waves to identify objects or people with encoded microchips.
radiology information system (RIS)
Information system designed to schedule, report, and store information as it relates to diagnostic radiology procedures. One common feature found in most radiology systems is a picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The benefit of RISs and PACSs is their ability to assist in diagnosing complex cases and storing vital patient care support data.
random-access memory (RAM)
Volatile, temporary storage system that allows a computer's processor to access program codes and data while working on a task. RAM is lost once the system is rebooted or shut off or loses power.
randomized controlled trial (RCT)
A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and the experimental groups in an RCT is the outcome variable being studied.
ransomware
A specific type of malware or malicious code that cripples the computer network until a ransom is paid by the organization whose network was compromised.
rapid application development (RAD)
A method using prototyping and reiteration to develop products faster and of superior quality.
rapid prototyping
A group of techniques and processes that allow for the quick development of scale models to be built and evaluated.
Rapid Syndromic Validation Project (RSVP)
A system for local healthcare professionals to report cases, such as influenza. Data are analyzed centrally, and the resulting information is shared with appropriate local authorities to try to identify outbreaks early and prevent the spread of contagious diseases.
read-only memory (ROM)
Essential permanent or semipermanent, nonvolatile memory that stores saved data and is critical in the working of the computer's operating system and other activities. ROM is primarily stored in the motherboard but may also be available through the graphics card, other expansion cards, and peripherals.
reality
Real life; the world or the state of things as they actually exist; the state of being actual or real.
really simple syndication (RSS)
A form of web feed used to publish frequently updated content in podcasts, blog entries, or news headlines. Subscribers receive update notices whenever new content is added or a site is updated. Also known as RDF site summary (RSS 1.0 and RSS 0.90) and rich site summary (RSS 0.91).
real time
Human time; occurs live, with users or learners interacting at the same time.
real-time telehealth
Live interactions between two or more clinicians or a clinician and a patient, usually performed with videoconferencing equipment.
reasoning
Way of thinking, calculating, interpreting, or introspectively rethinking or critically thinking through an issue; reflective thought to analyze or think through one's ideas and alternatives.
record
A row in a relational database that represents, for example, individual patients; also called a tuple. Groups of related fields in a database. As a verb, record means to capture audio and video using specific devices.
reflective commentary
Narrative comments that focus on why individuals think specific evidence is important, the ways in which they value what they have learned, or why they think the evidence is important for their profession.
regional health information exchange
See regional health information organization.
regional health information organization (RHIO)
A regional network of healthcare organizations and providers who exchange information related to the health of the population. The goal is to work together without duplication to provide cost-effective health care and promote community well-being.
relational database
A database that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. Relational refers to how the data are stored in the database and how they are organized.
relational database management system (RDBMS)
A system that manages data using the relational model. A relational database could link a patient's table to a treatment table, for example, by a common field, such as the patient ID number field.
report
Document that contains data or information, based on a query or an investigation, designed to yield customized content in relation to a situation and a user, a group of users, or an organization. Designed to inform, reports may include recommendations or suggestions based on programming and other embedded parameters.
reporting
The act of using documents or information system outputs to convey information to stakeholders.
repository
Central place where data are collected, stored, and maintained. Central location for multiple databases or files that can be distributed over a network or are directly accessible to the user. Location for files and databases so that the data can be reused, analyzed, explored, or repurposed.
researcher
A person who performs systematic inquiries of a topic to develop knowledge on that topic; a person who does research.
research utilization (RU)
The process of moving new understandings generated in research into practice.
research validity
A conclusion that can be drawn about the conduct of research based on an analysis of the research design and methods (i.e., internal validity) and the applicability of the findings to the general population (i.e., external validity).
resource description framework (RDF)
A structure of consistent semantics adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to promote encoding, exchange, and reuse of metadata.
results management
An approach to evaluating the outcomes of a process to determine whether that process was useful or valuable.
reusability
The extent to which software or other work-related artifacts can be used in more than one computing program or software system.
reusable learning object (RLO)
An approach to content development that consists of independent, self-contained, multimedia e-learning resources that breaks the content into chunks where each object can be swapped, interchanged, substituted, and exchanged as needed based on the characteristics of the learners and their specific learning needs.
right
A privilege; includes the right to privacy, confidentiality, and so on.
risk assessment
Determination of risk or danger, such as assessing for risk factors related to heart disease.
robot
A machine that looks like a living being in the fact that it resembles and behaves as a living being or part of a being and is capable of self-sufficient movement, such as pivoting, walking, or rolling with wheels; it automatically performs difficult or complicated actions, like a robotic hand that can grasp and move objects. An automated machine that is programmed to complete the routine tasks of a human being.
role-playing
A situation that allows students to try on real-life scenarios by filling either prescripted or ad-libbed roles (e.g., doctor, nurse, patient, or clinician) without the fear or pressure of putting another's life at risk while trying to determine the best course of action or find a solution to a fictitious patient's health issue.
root-cause analysis
Similar to failure modes and events analysis; analysis to discover why a process is faulty or produces an undesired result.
row
A record in a database; also known as a tuple.
An organizational commitment to patient safety and the prevention of medical errors.
scaffolding
Adding initial support for a task and then gradually removing that support over time.
scareware
An email designed to scare the user into believing that their computer has been infected. The hacker seeks to gain remote access to the computer to “fix” it.
scheduling system
A system designed to track resources within a facility while managing the frequency and distribution of those resources. For example, a resource scheduling system provides information about operating room utilization or availability of intensive care unit beds and regular nursing unit beds.
scoring
The data mining process of applying a model to new data.
Scrum
An agile software development strategy that emphasizes collaboration, team autonomy or self-management, and flexibility to adapt to emerging business realities. This strategy organizes software developers into a team called a Scrum team to reach a common goal of creating market-ready products and services using iterative development cycles. The Scrum master is the agile servant-leader project manager who facilitates the Scrum team.
Scrum master
The agile servant-leader project manager who facilitates the work performed by the Scrum team; this leader is responsible for removing barriers and obstacles so that tasks may be completed in order for the team to achieve its goals. The Scrum master must support the Scrum team and facilitate its ability to self-manage and self-organize. Since this is a highly collaborative process, the Scrum master must also establish and ensure a positive culture that is open to discussion and sharing of ideas. In addition, the Scrum master must assess and monitor the team's interactions with people external to the team to determine which exchanges with the Scrum team are beneficial and which are not in order to maximize the value generated by the Scrum team, which shields the Scrum team from distractions and work interruptions.
Scrum team
A team of software developers organized to reach a common goal of creating market-ready products and services.
Second Life (SL)
A proprietary virtual-reality tool that allows users to create virtual communities.
secure information
Information that is protected from error, unauthorized access, and other threats that can compromise its integrity and safety.
security
Protection from danger or loss. In informatics, one must protect against unauthorized access, malicious damage, and incidental and accidental damage; enforce secure behavior; and maintain security of computing, data, applications, information, and networks.
security breach
Any security violation.
self-control
Self-discipline. Strength of will.
sensor and activity-monitoring system
A system for tracking the activities of daily living of seniors and other at-risk individuals in their places of residence. For example, applications use sensors to detect anomalies or problems, such as faucets and stoves left turned on.
sentinel event
A term used by the Joint Commission to describe a patient safety incident that results in death, permanent harm, or serious temporary harm requiring intervention.
serious game
A game that has as its main purpose something other than entertainment-for example, an educational game designed for learning that is a subset of both education and fun.
server
A computer or a group of computers that link computers together or provide services to a group of computers.
shoulder surfing
Watching over someone's back as they are working on a computer. This is still a major way that confidentiality is compromised.
simulated documentation
A replicated documentation system that nursing students can use to learn how to access electronic health records and document nursing care.
simulation
An imitation of real-life events or circumstances; in nursing education, a replication of clinical scenarios developed to provide an opportunity for practice in a mock situation. A simulation can be web based, latex based, or virtual in a virtual world.
simulation scenario
A case or situation developed in a simulation setting to mimic an actual practice situation.
simulator
A mechanical or electronic device that provides an environment in which a simulation can occur. Some simulators can be quite large.
situational awareness
The ability to detect, integrate, and understand critical information that leads to an overall understanding of a problem or situation.
Six Sigma
Business management tactic that seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of imperfections (errors) and reducing inconsistency and variability in processes; Lean and Six Sigma are a complementary combination of activities that focus on doing the right steps and actions (Lean) and doing them right the first time (Six Sigma).
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and electrical and optical interfaces. Standardization among commercial products helps to ensure that devices will interface with many different systems.
smart device
Interactive electronic tool that is generally connected to other devices or networks using wireless protocols; able to understand simple user commands to help with the activities of daily living.
smartphone
A mobile device that combines cellular and mobile computing functions into one unit.
smart pump
Machine used to infuse medication that includes dose-checking technology and safeguards designed to help avert medication errors.
smart room
Patient room that is equipped with technologies to increase patient safety and improve patient care.
social determinants of health (SDOH)
The economic and social conditions in relation to their diffusion and distribution among the population that actually influence individual and group differences and disparities in health status. The conditions in the environment where we are born, play, grow, learn, live, work, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. They have an effect on our life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality.
Social Determinants of Learning (SDOL)
An actionable model developed by Chamberlain University to address learning disparities and thus increase learning opportunities to support nursing student diversity, equity, and inclusion.
social engineering
The manipulation of a relationship based on one's position in an organization. For example, someone attempting to access a network may pretend to be an employee from the corporate information technology office who then simply asks for an employee's digital ID and password. Another example of social engineering is a hacker impersonating a federal government agent. After talking an employee into revealing network information, the hacker basically has an open door to enter the corporate network.
social media
Communication tools, such as X (Twitter) and Facebook, that promote real-time information exchange.
social science
Collection of academic/scientific fields or disciplines concerned with the study of the human aspects of our world/environment.
software
A collection of data or computer instructions that tell a computer how to work. Software is divided into two types: system software (includes the operating system and other software necessary for the computer to function) and application software (allows users to complete specific tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, presentations, database managers, and media players).
software as a service (SaaS)
Cloud-based applications with the following benefits: the ability to quickly start using innovative or specific business apps that are scalable to individual needs, any connected computer can access the apps and data, and data are not lost if the hard drive crashes because the data are stored in the cloud.
somatosensory system
The network of neural structures that includes receptors and neurons in the body and brain that produce and convey information about the perception of touch or haptic perception, temperature, proprioception (body position), movement, and pain.
sound card
A computer expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. Also known as an audio card.
spatial audio
A 360 degree audio format that creates sound as though it is surrounding a person or an audience.
spear phishing
A targeted phishing scheme that takes advantage of specific information provided in an organization's directory, thus allowing for a personalized scam email.
spreadsheet
Text and numbers located in cells on a grid and the software necessary to process formulas and other computations, such as creating graphs and charts.
spyware
A program that may contain malicious code that may attack or attempt to “take over” a computer. Spyware may also be nonmalicious in intent and simply monitor the user's behavior in an attempt to gain information about the user for targeted advertising.
stacking
The process of synthesizing the predictions from several models.
stakeholder
An individual or a group with the responsibility for completing a project and influencing the overall design and is the most affected by the success or failure of the system implementation.
standard
A benchmark, criterion, rule, norm, or principle.
standardized nursing terminology
Terms used in nursing that are in some way approved by an appropriate authority or general consent.
standardized plan of care
A plan that presents clinicians with treatment protocols to maximize their outcomes and support best practices.
static medium
Something that cannot be updated; for example, a print-based brochure may be outdated almost as soon as it is printed.
store-and-forward telehealth transmission
An application of telehealth care in which images and other clinical data are captured and transmitted to specialist clinicians.
Structured Query Language (SQL [pronounced “sequel”])
A database querying language rather than a programming language. SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It simplifies the process of retrieving information from a database in a functional or usable form while facilitating the reorganization of data within the database.
Suicide Prevention Community Assessment Tool
Risk assessment method that addresses general community information, prevention networks, and the demographics of the target population as well as community assets and risk factors.
summary
A condensed version of a document that is designed to highlight its major points.
surveillance
The act of watching for trends in health-related data for early detection of health threats.
surveillance data system
A networked computer system designed to use health-related data trends to predict the probability of an outbreak of a contagious or infectious disease or to detect morbidity and mortality trends in a geographic area as a precursor to public health planning or response.
synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM)
The most common type of dynamic random-access memory found in personal computers.
syndromic surveillance
A specialized system of data collection that seeks to detect trends in the incidence and severity of a specific disease or health-related syndrome and plan the public health response.
synthesis
Combining parts of existing material or ideas into a new entity or concept.
systems development life cycle (SDLC)
Stages involved in the life of a system, typically an information system; a model used in the project management of a system's development effort, spanning from feasibility to its demise.
systems engineering
An approach where technology manufacturers partner with organizations to identify risks to patient safety and promote safe technology integration.
A collection of related records in a database.
task
An action that is value added and necessary. For example, some tasks come about because of work-arounds or for other unsubstantiated reasons. Tasks that are considered non-value added and are not necessary for the purpose of compliance or regulatory reasons should be eliminated from the future-state process.
task analysis
Analytical technique that focuses on how a task must be accomplished, including detailed descriptions of task-related activities, task characteristics and complexity, and the environmental conditions required for a person to perform that task.
technology
Method by which people use knowledge and tools. Knowledge used to solve problems, control and adapt to the environment, and extend human potential. Generally, people use technology to refer to machines or devices, such as computers, and the infrastructure that supports them. For example, cell phones and planes are tangible technology; one can see and touch them but cannot see and touch the vast infrastructures supporting them, such as the wireless communications between the device (cell phone) and the cell towers and the electronic guidance used by the device (plane) to navigate the skies.
telecommunications
Broadcasting or transmitting signals over a distance from one person to another or from one location to another for the purpose of communication.
telehealth
Telecommunication technologies used to deliver health-related services or to connect patients and healthcare providers to maximize patients' health status. A relatively new term in the medical and nursing vocabulary that refers to a wide range of health services that are delivered by telecommunications-ready tools, such as a telephone, videophone, and computer.
telehealth care
Health services delivered by telecommunications-ready tools and usually supervised by a nurse or other clinician.
telemedicine
Health services delivered by telecommunications-ready tools and supervised or directed by a physician.
telemonitoring
Remote measurement of patients' vital signs and other necessary data.
telenursing
Health services delivered by telecommunications-ready tools and supervised or directed by a nurse.
telepathology
Use of telecommunications technology to facilitate the transmission and transfer of pathology data for the purposes of diagnosis, education, and research. Transmission and exchange of image-rich pathology data between remote locations.
telephony
Telephone monitoring of patients at their residences by off-site telenurses.
teleradiology
Use of telecommunications technology to electronically transmit and exchange radiographic patient images with the consultative text or radiologist reports from one location to another.
TELOS
An approach that provides a clear picture of the feasibility of a project; TELOS stands for technical, economic, legal, operational, and schedule.
terabyte (TB)
A unit of measurement for data storage capacity. One terabyte equals 1,024 gigabytes.
terminology
Vocabulary of technical terms used in a particular field, subject, science, or art; concerned with the collection, description, processing, and presentation of terms belonging to specialized areas of usage of one or more languages; nomenclature.
three dimensional (3D)
A geometric model of the physical universe in which we live; typically, the three dimensions are length, width, and depth (or height), although any three directions can be chosen as long as they do not lie in the same plane.
throughput
The amount of work a computer can do in a given time period; a measure of computer performance that can be used for system comparison.
thumb drive
Small, removable storage device.
tiering
The process of storing data in layers according to how frequently they are used in a database.
TIGER initiative
The work of the Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform team. This team of nursing leaders developed a vision for utilizing information technology to transform nursing practice.
total cost of ownership (TCO)
A comprehensive assessment of IT and related costs of a software solution, including hardware, software, maintenance, sustainability, management, communications, support, training, opportunity costs due to downtime, and productivity losses.
touch pad
An alternative to using a mouse. A device that senses the pressure of the user's finger along with the movement of the finger on the touch pad to control input positioning.
touch screen
A display used as an input device for interacting with or relating to the display's materials or content. The user can touch or press on the designated display area to respond, execute, or request information or output.
transforming
The act of changing the nature, character, function, state, or condition of something.
translational bioinformatics
The development of storage, analytic, and interpretive methods to optimize the transformation of increasingly voluminous biomedical and genomic data into proactive, predictive, preventive, and participatory information.
translational informatics
The application of research informatics to translational research in order to close the gap from research to the bedside to improve the health of patients and the community.
translational research
Research that is conducted with a vision toward transforming clinical nursing practice (i.e., translating the results into practice).
transparent wisdom
Applying knowledge in a practical way or translating knowledge into actions without conscious thought.
treatment/payment/operations (TPO)
The treatment of patients, the payment for services, or the operations of the entity. Providers and other covered entities were not originally required to include in the accounting any disclosures that were made to facilitate the treatment of patients, the payment for services, or the operations of the entity (i.e., the TPO exception); this exception ended in January 2011 for providers that recently implemented electronic health record (EHR) systems. For those providers with EHR systems that were implemented before passage of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, the TPO exception ended in January 2014. It is easy to understand why this exception ended; because all providers must implement comprehensive EHR systems, it would be very easy to generate an electronic record with an accounting of anyone who accesses a patient's record.
triage
The process of assessing patients who are ill or injured and determining the need for intervention based on the severity of the health issue. Some software programs used in telehealth monitoring systems provide this function by comparing actual data with a preset standard and then alerting clinicians that an intervention is necessary.
Trojan horse
Malicious code, capable of replicating within a computer, that is hidden in data or a program that appears to be safe.
TRUSTe
One of the two most common symbols that internet users look for to identify trusted health sites.
truth
Fact; certainty; or sincere action, character, and fidelity.
tuple
A record in a database; also known as a row.
tutorial
Learning materials available to the learner, who must then be self-directed to study the specific topical area presented.
Using social media tools, such as wikis, blogs, and other social networks, to connect employees and people globally. Companies are finding that über-connected workplaces are not only about applying a new set of tools but also about adopting a cultural paradigm shift to establish an open environment where employees are supported and encouraged to collaborate, share, transform, and innovate virtually.
State of being everywhere at once (or seeming to be everywhere at once). Presence in many places, especially simultaneously. With changing models of healthcare delivery, information and knowledge should be available anywhere.
uncertainty
Ambiguity, insecurity, or vagueness.
unified communications (UC)
A communication solution, framework, or standard that refers to a wide range of products and services or diverse communication tools that are integrated to enhance communication with the goal of increasing productivity and enhancing the user experience (UX) while facilitating an excellent means for digital collaboration and teamwork to support a shared approach to patient care; an interface that incorporates enterprise communication tools, software, and hardware components into a single or unified streamlined interface where people can use different communication tools in a single or unified application extending the way communication devices and data and information can be exchanged.
universal serial bus (USB)
A means of connecting a myriad of plug-in devices, such as portable flash drives, digital cameras, MP3 players, graphics tablets, and light pens, using a plug-and-play connection, without rebooting the computer.
unstructured data
Data that are not contained in a database; data residing in text files, which can represent more than 75% of an organization's data; data that are not organized or that lack structure.
usability
The ease with which people can use an interface to achieve a particular goal; issues of human performance during computer interactions for specific tasks within a particular context.
USB flash drive
A portable memory device that uses electronically erasable, programmable ROM to provide fast, permanent memory. A USB flash drive is typically a removable and rewritable device that includes flash memory and an integrated universal serial bus (USB) interface. Because of its small size, it is portable, durable, and dependable and obtains its power from the device it is connected to via a USB port.
use case
The description of a distinct situation in which a specific product or service could possibly be used.
user experience (UX)
The user's experience from interacting with an object, a product, or a service. It is connected to the term usability and refers to the design of products and services with the user in mind in order to meet the user's needs.
user friendly
Describes programs and peripherals that make it easy to interact with or use computers or other technologies. Design of a program to enhance the ease with which the user can utilize and maximize the productivity from computer programs.
user interface (UI)
A mechanism or system that users utilize to interact with programs.
Basic or fundamental beliefs that guide actions.
veracity
Right to truth.
video adapter card
A board or card that is inserted or plugged into a computer to provide display capabilities.
videopod
A podcast that provides video in addition to audio functionality; self-contained system with a video transmitter.
virtual desktop interface (VDI)
The process of running a user desktop inside a virtual machine on a centralized server in a data center. VDI is a variation on the client-server computing model, sometimes referred to as server-based computing. It enables fully personalized desktops for each individual user with all the security and simplicity resulting from centralized management. Also known as virtual desktop infrastructure.
virtual memory
The use of hard disk space on a temporary basis when the user is running many programs simultaneously. This temporary use frees up RAM to allow programs to run simultaneously and seamlessly.
virtual private network (VPN)
An encrypted connection service that protects privacy and anonymity when a device is connected to the Internet.
virtual reality (VR)
Technology that simulates reality in a virtual medium.
virtual simulation
A simulation using a three-dimensional virtual world or environment that resembles the real-world setting and activities being simulated.
virtual world
A world that exists in cyberspace where people can establish avatars, purchase land, and interact with others. Emerging virtual worlds, such as Second Life, are changing the meaning of social networking. It is a live, online, interactive three-dimensional environment in which users interact using speech or text via a personalized avatar. Access requires a modern computer and an internet connection.
virtue
An ideal toward which we should strive that provides for the full development of our humanity. Attitude or character trait that enables us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest potential-for example, honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence. Like habits, virtues become characteristics of a person. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
virtue ethics
Theory that suggests that individuals use power to bring about human benefit. One must consider the needs of others and the responsibility to meet those needs.
virus
Malicious code that attaches to an existing program and executes its harmful script when opened.
voice recognition
A type of software that allows the user to input data or navigate the web using voice commands. Voice interactivity should help to reduce the disparity associated with those who have limited keyboard or mousing skills.
An early systems development life cycle model that is linear in nature; when one phase ends, the next phase begins, unlike in its modern counterparts that stress iterative development.
wearable device
A device that a person can don or put on like other articles of clothing, watches, jewelry, and other accessories that provide remote monitoring of physiological parameters in care settings, including the patient's own home.
wearable technology
The study or practice of inventing, designing, building, or using miniature body-borne computational and sensory devices. Wearable computers may be worn under, over, or in clothing or may actually be the clothes themselves.
web based
Originating from the World Wide Web.
webcast
Media distributed over the internet as a broadcast, which relies on streaming media technology to facilitate downloading and participation. Such broadcasts could be distributed in real time or live or recorded for asynchronous interaction.
web enhanced
That which uses the World Wide Web to enhance or promote functions or tasks, such as effective learning and skill acquisition.
webinar
Web-based seminar. Web conferencing that allows presenters to share their computer screen or files and collaborate with the audience; attendance is controlled by an access code.
weblog
A website that contains the contributions of single or multiple users about a particular topic or issue. Similar in nature to a threaded discussion board or a personal diary, weblogs (also known as blogs) can provide insight into the perceptions of the contributors about the topic.
web publishing
The design and development of web pages that include links to digital files that are uploaded to web servers, thereby making these files accessible to others via web browsers.
web quest
A search of the World Wide Web for information.
web server
Multifunctional telehealthcare platform for receiving, retrieving, and/or displaying patients' vital signs and other information transmitted from telecommunications-ready medical devices.
wide area network (WAN)
A system of connected local area networks (LANs).
Wi-Fi
A wireless technology, owned by Wi-Fi Alliance, that is used to improve the interoperability of wireless networking devices.
Wi-Fi hotspot
A resource or wireless access point that is usually provided in a public location, such as cafes, libraries, hotels, airports, and even grocery stores.
wiki
Server software that allows users to create, edit, and link web page content from any web browser. Server software that supports hyperlinks. The simplest online database, used to develop collaborative websites.
wireless
A way to transmit signals without using wires or cables, such as through radio or microwaves.
wireless mobile computing
Mobile computing without the need for wires or cables to connect to a network.
wisdom
Knowledge applied in a practical way or translated into actions; the use of knowledge and experience to heighten common sense and insight to exercise sound judgment in practical matters. Sometimes thought of as the highest form of common sense, resulting from accumulated knowledge or erudition (i.e., deep, thorough learning) or enlightenment (i.e., education that results in understanding and the dissemination of knowledge). Wisdom is the ability to apply valuable and viable knowledge, experience, understanding, and insight while being prudent and sensible. It is focused on our own minds and is the synthesis of our experience, insight, understanding, and knowledge. Wisdom is the appropriate use of knowledge to solve human problems. It is knowing when and how to apply knowledge.
word processing
Creating documents using a word processing software package, such as Microsoft Word.
work-around
A way invented by users to bypass the system to accomplish a task; usually indicates a poor fit of the system or technology to the workflow or user. Devised method to beat a system that does not function appropriately or is not suited to the task it was developed to assist with. For example, a nurse might remove the armband from a patient and attach it to the bed if the barcode reader fails to interpret barcodes when the bracelet curves tightly around a small arm.
workflow
A progression of steps (tasks, events, and interactions) that constitute a work process, involve two or more persons, and create or add value to the organization's activities. In a sequential workflow, each step depends on the occurrence of the previous step; in a parallel workflow, two or more steps can occur concurrently. Sometimes the term workflow is used interchangeably with process or process flow, particularly in the context of implementations. A sequence of connected steps in the work of a person or team of people-that is, the process or flow of work within an organization; a virtual illustration of the “real” work or steps (flow) that workers enact to complete their tasks (work). The purpose of examining and redesigning workflow is to streamline the work process by removing any unnecessary steps that do not add value or might even hinder the flow of work.
workflow analysis
Not an optional part of clinical implementations but rather a necessity for safe patient care fostered by technology. The ultimate goal of workflow analysis is to create a future-state solution that maximizes the use of technology and eliminates non-value-added activities. Although many tools and methods can be used to accomplish workflow redesign (e.g., Six Sigma and Lean), the best method is the one that complements the organization and supports the work of clinicians.
work process
See workflow.
World Wide Web (WWW)
An international network of computers and servers that offers access to stored documents written in HTML code and access to graphics, audio, and video files.
worm
A form of malicious code. A self-replicating computer program that uses a network to send multiple copies of itself to other computers, subsequently tying up bandwidth and incapacitating networks.
A unit of information or computer storage equal to 1 septillion bytes.
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)
An epidemiological survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to identify and track the most common health risk behaviors that lead to illnesses and mortality among youth.
A technique whereby a hacker searches for and exploits software vulnerabilities before the vendor is able to release a patch or a fix.
zettabyte (ZB)
A unit of information or computer storage equal to 1 sextillion bytes.