Tests in this chapter are basic screening tests that address disorders of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematopoiesis, synthesis, and function. Blood and bone marrow examinations constitute the major means of determining certain blood disorders (anemia, leukemia and porphyria disorders, abnormal bleeding and clotting); inflammation; infection; and inherited disorders of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. Specimens are obtained through capillary skin punctures (finger, toe, heel, earlobe), dried blood samples, arterial or venous sampling, or bone marrow aspiration. Specimens may be tested by automated or manual hematology instrumentation and evaluation.