Overview of Immunodiagnostic Studies / 535
Types of Tests / 536
Collection of Serum for Immunologic Tests / 536
Interpreting Results of Immunologic Tests / 536
Serologic Versus Microbiologic Methods / 539
Bacterial Tests / 539
Syphilis Detection Tests / 539
Lyme Disease Tests / 542
Legionnaires Disease Antibody Test / 543
Chlamydia Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) / 544
Streptococcal Antibody Tests: Antistreptolysin O (ASO) Titer, Streptozyme, Anti-Deoxyribonuclease B Titer (Anti-DNase B, ADNase B) (ADB, Streptodornase) / 545
Helicobacter pylori IgG Antibody Test / 547
Viral Tests / 548
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) Antibody Tests: Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) Slide (Screening) Test, Heterophile Antibody Titer, Epstein–Barr Antibodies to Viral Capsid Antigen and Nuclear Antigen / 548
Hepatitis Tests: Hepatitis A (HAV), Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV), Hepatitis D (HDV), Hepatitis E (HEV) / 550
HIV-1/HIV-2 Tests / 557
Viral Antibody Tests to Assess Immune Status / 559
Rubella Antibody Tests / 559
Measles (Rubeola) Antibody Tests / 561
Mumps Antibody Tests / 562
Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox) Antibody Test / 563
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Antibody Test / 564
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Antibodies (HSV-1 and HSV-2 Tests) / 565
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-I/II) Antibody Test / 566
Parvovirus B19 Antibody Test / 566
Rabies Antibody Tests / 567
Fungal Tests / 568
Fungal Antibody Tests: Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis / 568
Candida Antibody Test / 569
Aspergillus Antibody Test / 570
Cryptococcus Antibody Test / 571
Parasitic Tests / 572
Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Antibody Tests / 572
Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica) Antibody Test / 572
TORCH Test / 573
Immunologic Tests for Immune Dysfunction and Related Disorders of the Immune Systems / 574
Quantitative Immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM / 574
Protein Electrophoresis (PEP), Serum and Urine / 577
Immunofixation Electrophoresis (IFE), Serum and Urine / 580
Cold Agglutinin / 581
Cryoglobulin Test / 582
Total Hemolytic Complement (CH50) / 584
Complement Component C3 / 586
Complement Component C4 / 587
C1 Esterase Inhibitor (C1-INH) / 587
Tests for Autoimmunity and Systemic Rheumatic Disease (SRD) / 588
Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test / 588
Anticentromere Antibody (ACA) Test / 589
Anti–Double-Stranded DNA (Anti-dsDNA) Antibody Test, IgG / 590
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test / 591
Extractable Nuclear Antigens (ENAs) Antibody Panel: Anti-Ribonucleoprotein (Anti-RNP); Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm); Anti-Sjögren Syndrome (Anti–SS-A [Ro], Anti–SS-B [La]); Anti-Scleroderma 70 (Anti–Scl-70); Anti–Histidyl Transfer RNA Synthetases Antibodies (Anti–Jo-1) / 591
Cardiolipin Antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgM / 592
Thyroid Antibody Tests: Thyroglobulin Antibody, Thyroid Microsomal Antibody, Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody / 593
Autoimmune Liver Disease Tests / 595
Actin (Smooth Muscle) Antibody (ASMA) Test (Anti–Smooth Muscle Antibody) / 595
Antimitochondrial Antibody (AMA) Test / 596
Liver/Kidney Microsome Type-1 (Anti-LKM-1) Antibody Test / 597
Antiparietal Cell Antibody (APCA) Test / 597
Anti–Glomerular Basement Membrane (Anti-GBM) Antibody Test / 598
Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Binding Antibody Test / 599
Anti-Insulin Antibody Test / 600
Gliadin Antibodies, IgA and IgG / 601
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCAs) / 602
Allergy Testing / 603
IgE Antibody, Single Allergen / 603
Latex Allergy Testing (Latex-Specific IgE) / 604
Protein Chemistry Testing/Serum Proteins: Acute-Phase Proteins and Cytokines / 605
Ceruloplasmin Test / 605
Alpha1-Antitrypsin (AAT) Test / 606
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) / 607
Prion Proteins / 608
Cytokines / 609
Tumor Markers / 611
Blood Banking or Immunohematology Tests / 629
Donated Blood Testing and Blood Processing / 629
Blood Groups (ABO Groups) / 632
Rh Typing / 634
Rh Antibody Titer Test / 636
Rosette Test, Fetal Red Cells (Fetomaternal Hemorrhage) / 637
Kleihauer–Betke Test (Fetal Hemoglobin Stain) / 637
Cross-Match (Compatibility Test) / 639
Coombs Antiglobulin Test / 640
Types of Transfusion Reactions / 642
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR) / 642
Transfusion-Associated Bacterial Sepsis / 642
Urticarial Transfusion Reaction (UTR) / 642
Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) / 642
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR) / 642
Anaphylactic Transfusion Reaction / 642
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO) / 643
Primary Hypotensive Transfusion Reaction (HTR) / 643
Leukoagglutinin Test / 643
Platelet Antibody Screen / 644
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Test / 645