Overview of Prenatal Screening / 946
First- and Second-Trimester Screening / 947
Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein (MSAFP) / 954
Prenatal Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA) Screening / 955
Hormone Testing / 956
Estriol (E3) / 957
Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) Test / 958
Fetal Fibronectin (fFN) Test / 960
Tests to Predict Fetal Outcome and Risk for Intrauterine Asphyxia / 961
Contraction Stress Tests (CST) / 961
Nonstress Test (NST) / 963
Fetal Activity Acceleration Determination (FAD) / 964
Continuous Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Monitoring / 965
Biophysical Profile (BPP) / 965
Fetoscopy / 966
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS) / 968
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) / 969
Amniotic Fluid Studies / 971
Amniocentesis / 972
Amniotic Fluid Alpha1-Fetoprotein (AFP) / 976
Amniotic Fluid Volume (AFV) / 977
Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) / 978
Amniotic Fluid Creatinine / 979
Fetal Lung Maturity (FLM) Tests / 980
Amniotic Fluid Shake Test (Foam Stability Test) / 983
Foam Stability Index (FSI) Test for Amniotic Fluid / 983
Fern Test / 984
Placental Alpha Macroglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) Test / 985
Amniotic Fluid Color / 985
Amniotic Fluid Optical Density (OD) Analysis / 986
Amniotic Fluid and Desaturated Phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) / 988
Additional Prenatal Screening Tests / 989
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening / 989
Fetal Oxygen Saturation (Spo2) Monitoring / 990
Nuchal Translucency (NT) / 991