Overview of X-Ray Studies / 703

Use of Contrast Agents / 704

Adverse Reactions to Contrast Agents / 704

• Clinical Considerations When Iodine Contrast Agents Are Used / 704

• Clinical Considerations When Barium Contrast Is Used / 707

Risks of Radiation / 708

• Safety Measures / 710

• General Precautions / 710

• Precautions to Be Used With Pregnant Patients / 710

• Responsibilities in Ordering, Scheduling, and Sequencing X-Ray Examinations / 711

Plain (Conventional) Radiography (X-Rays) / 711

• Chest Radiography (Chest X-Ray) / 711

• Mammogram (Breast X-Ray) / 714

• Orthopedic Radiography (Orthopedic X-Ray) / 719

• Abdominal Radiography (Abdominal X-Ray): Plain Film or KUB (Kidney, Ureters, Bladder); Scout Film; Acute Abdominal Series / 721

Contrast Radiography / 722

• Gastric Radiography: Upper GI (UGI) Series / 723

• Small Bowel Follow-Through / 724

• Lower GI Radiography: Barium Enema; Air Contrast Study; Defecography / 726

• Cholangiogram (Bile Duct X-Ray) / 730

• Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) / 731

• Retrograde Pyelogram / 735

• Arthrogram (Joint X-Ray) / 736

• Myelogram / 737

• Hysterosalpingogram (Uterine and Fallopian Tube X-Rays) / 739

• Angiogram; Digital Subtraction Angiography / 741

• Lymphangiogram (Lymph Node/Vessel X-Rays) / 744

Computed Tomography (CT) / 746

• Head (Cranial/Brain) CT; Neck CT / 747

• Full-Body CT / 749