Overview of Urine Studies / 180
Urine Formation / 180
Urine Constituents / 180
Types of Urine Specimens / 181
Urine Testing / 181
Laboratory Testing for Routine Urinalysis / 181
Dipstick Testing / 182
Collection of Urine Specimens / 184
Single, Random Urine Specimen / 184
Long-Term, Timed Urine Specimen (2-Hour, 24-Hour) / 186
Routine Urinalysis and Related Tests / 193
Urine Volume / 194
Urine Specific Gravity (SG) / 197
Urine Osmolality / 198
Urine Appearance / 200
Urine Color / 200
Urine Odor / 202
Urine pH / 203
Urine Blood or Hemoglobin (Hb) / 205
Urine Protein (Albumin), Qualitative and 24-Hour / 207
Microalbumin Test/Albumin (24-Hour Urine) / 210
Urine β2-Microglobulin / 211
Urine Glucose (Sugar) / 212
Urine Ketones (Acetone; Ketone Bodies) / 215
Urine Nitrite (Bacteria) / 217
Urine Leukocyte Esterase / 218
Urine Bilirubin / 219
Urine Urobilinogen, Random and Timed / 221
Microscopic Examination of Urine Sediment / 223
Urine Red Blood Cells and Red Blood Cell Casts / 227
Urine White Blood Cells and White Blood Cell Casts / 228
Urine Epithelial Cells and Epithelial Casts / 230
Urine Hyaline Casts / 231
Urine Granular Casts / 232
Urine Waxy Casts or Broad Casts (Renal Failure Casts) and Fatty Casts / 232
Urine Crystals / 234
Urine Chemistry / 236
Urine Pregnancy Test; Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Test / 236
Urine Estrogen, Total and Fractions (Estradiol [E2] and Estriol [E3]), 24-Hour Urine, and Total Estrogen—Blood / 237
Timed Urine Tests / 240
Urine Chloride (Cl), Quantitative (24-Hour) / 240
Urine Sodium (Na), Quantitative (24-Hour) / 241
Urine Potassium (K), Quantitative (24-Hour) and Random / 243
Urine Uric Acid, Quantitative (24-Hour) / 245
Urine Calcium (Ca), Quantitative (24-Hour) / 246
Urine Magnesium, Quantitative (24-Hour) / 248
Urine Oxalate, Quantitative (24-Hour) / 249
Urine Pregnanediol (24-Hour) / 250
Urine Pregnanetriol (24-Hour) / 252
Urine 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA) (24-Hour) / 253
Urine Vanillylmandelic Acid (VMA); Catecholamines (24-Hour) / 254
Urine Porphyrins and Porphobilinogens (24-Hour and Random); Δ-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA, Δ-ALA) / 256
Urine Amylase Excretion and Clearance (Random, Timed Urine, and Blood) / 259
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Test; Urine Phenylalanine (Random Urine and Blood) / 261
d-Xylose Absorption (Timed Urine and Blood) / 263
Urine Creatinine; Blood (Serum) Creatinine, Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) (Timed Urine and Blood), Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) / 264
Urine Cystine (Random and 24-Hour) / 267
Urine Hydroxyproline (Timed Urine and Blood) / 268
Urine Lysozyme (Random, 24-Hour Urine, and Blood) / 269
Urine Amino Acids, Total and Fractions (Random, 24-Hour Urine, and Blood) / 270