section name header

References

  1. Meek JYNoble, Section on Breastfeeding. Breastfeeding and the use of human milkPediatrics2022;150(1):e2022057988 PMID: 35921640 doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057988
  2. Parker MGStellwagen LMNoble LKim JHPoindexter BBPuopolo KM; SECTION ON BREASTFEEDING, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORNPromoting human milk and breastfeeding for the very low birth weight infantPediatrics2021;148(5):e2021054272 PMID: 34635582 doi:10.1542/peds.2021-054272
  3. Boquien CYHuman Milk: An Ideal Food for Nutrition of Preterm NewbornFront Pediatr2018;6:295 PMID: 30386758 doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00295
  4. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionBreastfeeding among us children born 2014-2021, CDC National Immunization SurveyAccessed August 12, 2024https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/nis_data/results.html
  5. US Department of Health and Human ServicesExecutive Summary. The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Support BreastfeedingOffice of the Surgeon General; 2011
  6. Baby-Friendly USAAccessed August 12, 2024babyfriendlyusa.org
  7. Anstey EHShoemaker MLBarrera CMO'Neil MEVerma ABHolman DMBreastfeeding and breast cancer risk reduction: implications for black mothersAm J Prev Med2017;53(3S1)(suppl 1):S40-S46 PMID: 28818244 doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.024
  8. Anstey EHChen JElam-Evans LDPerrine CGRacial and geographic differences in breastfeeding - United States, 2011-2015MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep2017;66(27):723-727 PMID: 28704352 doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6627a3
  9. Li RWare JChen Aet alBreastfeeding and post-perinatal infant deaths in the United States, A national prospective cohort analysisLancet Reg Health Am2022;5: 10009 PMID:35911656 doi:10.1016/j.lana.2021.100094
  10. Wagner CLWagner MTThe breast or the bottle? Determinants of infant feeding behaviorsClin Perinatol1999;26(2):505-525 PMID: 10394499 doi:10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30064-2
  11. Fein SBLabiner-Wolfe JShealy KRLi RChen JGrummer-Strawn LMInfant feeding practices study ii: study methodsPediatrics2008;122S2:S28-S35
  12. Fein SBGrummer-Strawn LMRaju TNInfant feeding and care practices in the United States: results from the Infant Feeding Practices Study IIPediatrics2008;122S2:S25-S27
  13. Wiener RCWiener MABreastfeeding prevalence and distribution in the USA and Appalachia by rural and urban settingRural Remote Health.2011;11(2):1713 PMID: 21534710 doi:10.22605/RRH1713
  14. Lynch SBethel JChowdhury NMoore JBRural and urban breastfeeding initiation trends in low-income women in North Carolina from 2003 to 2007J Hum Lact2012;28(2):226-232 PMID: 22275048 doi:10.1177/0890334411430086
  15. Pak-Gorstein SHaq AGraham EACultural influences on infant feeding practicesPediatr Rev2009;30(3):e11-e21 PMID: 19255121 doi:10.1542/pir.30.3.e11
  16. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCDC Survey of Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care. mPINC 2020 National Results ReportCenters for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020
  17. Womenshealth.govBusiness case for breastfeedingAccessed January 19, 2023https://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-home-workand-public/breastfeeding-and-going-back-work/business-case
  18. US Department of LaborBreak time for nursing mothersAccessed January 19, 2023https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/nursing-mothers
  19. Office of Disease Prevention and Health PromotionIncrease the proportion of infants who are breastfed at 1 year-MICH-16https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/infants/increase-proportion-infantswho-are-breastfed-1-year-mich-16Accessed October 31, 2023
  20. Jensen R, ed. Handbook of Milk CompositionAcademic Press; 1995
  21. Santoro W JrMartinez FERicco RGJorge SMColostrum ingested during the first day of life by exclusively breastfed healthy newborn infantsJ Pediatr2010;156(1):29-32 PMID: 19783000 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.07.009
  22. Karra MVUdipi SAKirksey ARoepke JLChanges in specific nutrients in breast milk during extended lactationAm J Clin Nutr1986;43(4):495-503 PMID: 3962902 doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.4.495
  23. Motil KJSheng HPMontandon CMWong WWHuman milk protein does not limit growth of breast-fed infantsJ Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr1997;24(1):10-17 PMID: 9093980 doi:10.1097/00005176-199701000-00006
  24. Kc ARana NMålqvist MJarawka Ranneberg LSubedi KAndersson OEffects of delayed umbilical cord clamping vs early clamping on anemia in infants at 8 and 12 months: a randomized clinical trialJAMA Pediatr2017;171(3):264-270 PMID: 28114607 doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3971
  25. Pawlak RJudd NDonati GLPerrin MTPrevalence and predictors of low breast milk iodine concentration in women following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore dietsBreastfeed Med2023;18(1):37-42 PMID: 36450113 doi:10.1089/bfm.2022.0211
  26. Sebastiani GHerranz Barbero ABorrás-Novell Cet alThe effects of vegetarian and vegan diet during pregnancy on the health of mothers and offspringNutrients.2019;11(3):557 PMID: 30845641 doi:10.3390/nu11030557
  27. Baker RDGreer FR; Committee on Nutrition American Academy of PediatricsDiagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age)Pediatrics2010;126(5):1040-1050 PMID: 20923825 doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2576
  28. við Streym SHøjskov CSMøller UKet alVitamin D content in human breast milk: a 9-mo follow-up studyAm J Clin Nutr2016;103(1):107-114 PMID: 26675779 doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.115105
  29. Wagner CLGreer FR; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on NutritionPrevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescentsPediatrics2008;122(5):1142-1152 PMID: 18977996 doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1862
  30. Hollis BWWagner CLHoward CRet alMaternal versus infant vitamin D supplementation during lactation: a randomized controlled trialPediatrics2015;136(4):625-634 PMID: 26416936 doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1669
  31. Saadi HFDawodu AAfandi BOZayed RBenedict SNagelkerke NEfficacy of daily and monthly high-dose calciferol in vitamin D-deficient nulliparous and lactating womenAm J Clin Nutr2007;85(6):1565-1571 PMID: 17556694 doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1565
  32. March KMChen NNKarakochuk CDet alMaternal vitamin D3 supplementation at 50 μg/d protects against low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in infants at 8 wk of age: a randomized controlled trial of 3 doses of vitamin D beginning in gestation and continued in lactationAm J Clin Nutr2015;102(2):402-410 PMID: 26156737 doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.106385
  33. Basile LATaylor SNWagner CLHorst RLHollis BWThe effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D levels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infantsBreastfeed Med2006;1(1): 27-35 PMID: 17661558 doi:10.1089/bfm.2006.1.27
  34. Hanson LAAhlstedt SAndersson Bet alProtective factors in milk and the development of the immune systemPediatrics1985;75(1 Pt 2):172-176 PMID: 3880886 doi:10.1542/peds.75.1.172
  35. Brandtzaeg PThe mucosal immune system and its integration with the mammary glandsJ Pediatr2010;156(2)(suppl):S8-S15 PMID: 20105666 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.014
  36. Manjarrez-Hernandez HAGavilanes-Parra SChavez-Berrocal ENavarro-Ocaña ACravioto AAntigen detection in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli using secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies isolated from human breast milkInfect Immun2000;68(9):5030-5036 PMID: 10948121 doi:10.1128/IAI.68.9.5030-5036.2000
  37. Parissi-Crivelli AParissi-Crivelli JMGirón JARecognition of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence determinants by human colostrum and serum antibodiesJ Clin Microbiol2000;38(7):2696-2700 PMID: 10878066 doi:10.1128/JCM.38.7.2696-2700.2000
  38. Whitmore TJTrengove NJGraham DFHartmann PEAnalysis of insulin in human breast milk in mothers with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitusInt J Endocrinol2012;2012:29636 PMID:22500167 doi:10.1155/2012/296368
  39. Guillet SBaatz JForsythe DWagner CLEstablishing the presence of EGF and EGFR in human milk's compartmentsPresented at: Pediatric Academic Society Meeting; 2002; Baltimore, MD
  40. Wagner CLBaatz JETGFalpha within compartments of human milkAdv Exp Med Biol2004;554:417-421 PMID: 15384614 doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_54
  41. Wagner CLBaatz JEHigher molecular mass forms of TGFalpha in human milkAdv Exp Med Biol2004;554:411-415 PMID: 15384613 doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_53
  42. Siafakas CGAnatolitou FFusunyan RDWalker WASanderson IRVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is present in human breast milk and its receptor is present on intestinal epithelial cellsPediatr Res1999;45(5 Pt 1): 652-657 PMID: 10231859 doi:10.1203/00006450-199905010-00007
  43. Ruiz LEspinosa-Martos IGarcía-Carral Cet alWhat's normal? immune profiling of human milk from healthy women living in different geographical and socioeconomic settingsFront Immunol2017;8:69 PMID:28713365 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00696
  44. Zambruni MVillalobos ASomasunderam Aet alMaternal and pregnancy-related factors affecting human milk cytokines among Peruvian mothers bearing low-birth-weight neonatesJ Reprod Immunol2017;120:20-26 PMID: 28399439 doi:10.1016/j.jri.2017.04.001
  45. Riskin AAlmog MPeri RHalasz KSrugo IKessel AChanges in immunomodulatory constituents of human milk in response to active infection in the nursing infantPediatr Res2012;71(2):220-225 PMID: 22258136 doi:10.1038/pr.2011.34
  46. Hamosh MPeterson JAHenderson TRet alProtective function of human milk: the milk fat globuleSemin Perinatol1999;23(3):242-249 PMID: 10405194 doi:10.1016/S0146-0005(99)80069-X
  47. Lee HPadhi EHasegawa Yet alCompositional dynamics of the milk fat globule and its role in infant developmentFront Pediatr2018;6(Oct):313 PMID: 30460213 doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00313
  48. Gallier SVocking KPost JAet alA novel infant milk formula concept: mimicking the human milk fat globule structureColloids Surf B Biointerfaces2015;136:329-339 PMID: 26432620 doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.024
  49. Admyre CJohansson SMQazi KRet alExosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milkJ Immunol2007;179(3):1969-1978 PMID: 17641064 doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1969
  50. Torregrosa Paredes PGutzeit CJohansson Set alDifferences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyleAllergy2014;69(4):463-471 PMID: 24428462 doi:10.1111/all.12357
  51. Feng XChen XZheng Xet alLatest trend of milk derived exosomes: cargos, functions, and applicationsFront Nutr2021;8:74729 PMID:34778341 doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.747294
  52. Dong PZhang YYan DYet alProtective effects of human milk-derived exosomes on intestinal stem cells damaged by oxidative stressCell Transplant2020;29(Jan/Dec):963689720912690 PMID: 32193954 doi:10.1177/0963689720912690
  53. Wagner CLForsythe DWPittard WBVariation in the biochemical forms of transforming growth factor-alpha present in human milk and secreted by human milk macrophagesNeonatology1995;68(5):325-333 PMID: 8835087 doi:10.1159/000244253
  54. Ichikawa MSugita MTakahashi Met alBreast milk macrophages spontaneously produce granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and differentiate into dendritic cells in the presence of exogenous interleukin-4 aloneImmunology2003;108(2):189-195 PMID: 12562327 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01572.x
  55. Hassiotou FGeddes DTImmune cell-mediated protection of the mammary gland and the infant during breastfeedingAdv Nutr2015;6(3):267-275 PMID: 25979492 doi:10.3945/an.114.007377
  56. Cregan MDFan YAppelbee Aet alIdentification of nestin-positive putative mammary stem cells in human breastmilkCell Tissue Res2007;329(1):129-136 PMID: 17440749 doi:10.1007/s00441-007-0390-x
  57. Fan YChong YSChoolani MACregan MDChan JKUnravelling the mystery of stem/progenitor cells in human breast milkPLoS One2010;5(12):e14421 PMID: 21203434 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014421
  58. Hassiotou FBeltran AChetwynd Eet alBreastmilk is a novel source of stem cells with multilineage differentiation potentialStem Cells2012;30(10): 2164-2174 PMID: 22865647 doi:10.1002/stem.1188
  59. Hassiotou FHepworth ARWilliams TMet alBreastmilk cell and fat contents respond similarly to removal of breastmilk by the infantPLoS One2013;8(11):e78232 PMID: 24223141 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078232
  60. Hosseini SMTalaei-Khozani TSani MOwrangi BDifferentiation of human breast-milk stem cells to neural stem cells and neuronsNeurol Res Int2014;2014:80789 PMID:25506428 doi:10.1155/2014/807896
  61. Hassiotou FHartmann PEAt the dawn of a new discovery: the potential of breast milk stem cellsAdv Nutr2014;5(6):770-778 PMID: 25398739 doi:10.3945/an.114.006924
  62. Sani MHosseini SMSalmannejad Met alOrigins of the breast milk-derived cells; an endeavor to find the cell sourcesCell Biol Int2015;39(5):611-618 PMID: 25572907 doi:10.1002/cbin.10432
  63. Bode LThe functional biology of human milk oligosaccharidesEarly Hum Dev2015;91(11):619-622 PMID: 26375354 doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.09.001
  64. Donovan SMComstock SSHuman milk oligosaccharides influence neonatal mucosal and systemic immunityAnn Nutr Metab2016;69(Suppl 2)(suppl 2): 42-51 PMID: 28103609 doi:10.1159/000452818
  65. Plaza-Díaz JFontana LGil AHuman milk oligosaccharides and immune system developmentNutrients.2018;10(8):1038 PMID: 30096792 doi:10.3390/nu10081038
  66. Musilova SRada VVlkova EBunesova VBeneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiotaBenef Microbes2014;5(3):273-283 PMID: 24913838 doi:10.3920/BM2013.0080
  67. Lopez Leyva LBrereton NJBKoski KGEmerging frontiers in human milk microbiome research and suggested primers for 16S rRNA gene analysisComput Struct Biotechnol J2020;19:121-133 PMID: 33425245 doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.057
  68. Carr LEVirmani MDRosa Fet alRole of human milk bioactives on infants' gut and immune healthFront Immunol2021;12(Feb):604080 PMID: 33643310 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.604080
  69. Donovan SMHuman milk oligosaccharides: potent weapons in the battle against rotavirus infectionJ Nutr2017;147(9):1605-1606 PMID: 28724660
  70. Le Doare KHolder BBassett APannaraj PSMother's milk: a purposeful contribution to the development of the infant microbiota and immunityFront Immunol2018;9(Feb):361 PMID: 29599768 doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00361
  71. Stoody EESpahn JMCasavale KOThe Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project: a series of systematic reviews on diet and healthAm J Clin Nutr2019;109(S7)(suppl 7):685S-697S PMID: 30982878 doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy372
  72. Feltner CWeber RPStuebe AGrodensky CAOrr CViswanathan MBreastfeeding programs and policies, breastfeeding uptake, and maternal health outcomes in developed countriesAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018; Report No. 18-EHC014-EF
  73. Herlenius EKuhn PSudden unexpected postnatal collapse of newborn infants: a review of cases, definitions, risks, and preventive measuresTransl Stroke Res2013;4(2):236-247 PMID: 23518795 doi:10.1007/s12975-013-0255-4
  74. Feldman-Winter LGoldsmith JP; COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN; TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROMESafe sleep and skin-to-skin care in the neonatal period for healthy term newbornsPediatrics2016;138(3):e20161889 PMID: 27550975 doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1889
  75. Association for Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal NursesObstetric and Neonatal Nurses. Immediate and sustained skin-to-skin contact for the healthy term newborn after birth: AWHONN Practice Brief Number 5J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs2016;45(6):842-844 PMID: 27836096 doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.09.001
  76. Ludington-Hoe SMorgan KInfant assessment and reduction of sudden unexpected postnatal collapse risk during skin-to-skin contactNewborn Infant Nurs Rev2014;14(1):28-33 doi:10.1053/j.nainr.2013.12.009
  77. Moon RYCarlin RFHand I; TASK FORCE ON SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME AND THE COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORNSleep-related infant deaths: updated 2022 recommendations for reducing infant deaths in the sleep environmentPediatrics2022;150(1):e2022057990 PMID: 35726558 doi:10.1542/peds.2022-057990
  78. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human ServicesDietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-20259th ed. December 2020Accessed January 19, 2023https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf
  79. Dietary Guidelines Advisory CommitteeScientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human ServicesUS Department of Agriculture; 2020
  80. Greer FRSicherer SHBurks AWet al; COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION; SECTION ON ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGYThe effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, hydrolyzed formulas and timing of introduction of complementary foodsPediatrics2019;143(4):e20190281 PMID: 30886111 doi:10.1542/peds.2019-0281
  81. Du Toit GRoberts GSayre PHet al; LEAP Study TeamRandomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergyN Engl J Med2015; 372(9):803-813 PMID: 25705822 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1414850
  82. Perkin MRLogan KTseng Aet al; EAT Study TeamRandomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infantsN Engl J Med2016;374(18):1733-1743 PMID: 26943128 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1514210
  83. Du Toit GKatz YSasieni Pet alEarly consumption of peanuts in infancy is associated with a low prevalence of peanut allergyJ Allergy Clin Immunol2008;122(5):984-991 PMID: 19000582 doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.039
  84. Perkin MRLack GIntroducing Allergenic Foods in InfantsN Engl J Med2016;375(8):e16 PMID: 27557322 doi:10.1056/NEJMc1607281
  85. Greenhawt MEarly allergen introduction for preventing development of food allergyJAMA2016;316(11):1157-1159 PMID: 27654600 doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12715
  86. Fleischer DMSicherer SGreenhawt Met alConsensus communication on early peanut introduction and prevention of peanut allergy in high-risk infantsPediatr Dermatol2016;33(1):103-106 PMID: 26354148 doi:10.1111/pde.12685
  87. Ierodiakonou DGarcia-Larsen VLogan Aet alTiming of allergenic food introduction to the infant diet and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: a systematic review and meta-analysisJAMA2016;316(11):1181-1192 PMID: 27654604 doi:10.1001/jama.2016.12623
  88. Pérez-Escamilla RSegura-Pérez SLott M; RWJF HER Expert Panel on Best Practices for Promoting Healthy Nutrition, Feeding Patterns, and Weight Status for Infants and Toddlers from Birth to 24 MonthsFeeding Guidelines for Infants and Young Toddlers: A Responsive Parenting Approach. Guidelines for Health ProfessionalsHealthy Eating Research; 2017 doi:10.1097/NT.0000000000000234
  89. Abuogi LNoble LSmith C; American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric and Adolescent HIV, Section on BreastfeedingInfant feeding for persons living with and at risk for HIV in the United States: clinical reportPediatrics2024; 153(6): e2024066843. doi:10.1542/peds.2024-066843
  90. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionContraindications to breastfeeding or feeding expressed breast milk to infantsAccessed January 19, 2023https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/contraindications-to-breastfeeding.html
  91. Sachs HCFrattarelli DACGalinkin JLet al; Committee On DrugsThe transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topicsPediatrics2013;132(3):e796-e809 PMID: 23979084 doi:10.1542/peds.2013-1985
  92. Drugs and Lactation Database(LactMed®) [Internet]Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/?report=classic
  93. Godding VBonnier CFiasse Let alDoes in utero exposure to heavy maternal smoking induce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in neonates? Pediatr Res2004; 55(4):645-651 PMID: 14739371 doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000112099.88740.4E
  94. Meites EOpiate exposure in breastfeeding newbornsJ Hum Lact.2007;23(1):13 PMID: 17293546 doi:10.1177/0890334406297263
  95. Yonke NMaston RWeitzen SLeeman LBreastfeeding intention compared with breastfeeding postpartum among women receiving medication-assisted treatmentJ Hum Lact2019;35(1):71-79 PMID: 29723483 doi:10.1177/0890334418769637
  96. Glatstein MMGarcia-Bournissen FFinkelstein YKoren GMethadone exposure during lactationCan Fam Physician2008;54(12):1689-1690 PMID: 19074706
  97. Whalen BLHolmes AVNeonatal abstinence syndrome and the pediatric hospitalistHosp Pediatr2013;3(4):324-325 PMID: 24435189 doi:10.1542/hpeds.2013-0063
  98. Newman ADavies GADow Ket alRooming-in care for infants of opioid-dependent mothers: implementation and evaluation at a tertiary care hospitalCan Fam Physician2015;61(12):e555-e561 PMID: 27035006
  99. Jones HESeashore CJohnson Eet alPsychometric assessment of the Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System and the MOTHER NAS ScaleAm J Addict2016;25(5):370-373 PMID: 27287965 doi:10.1111/ajad.12388
  100. Holmes AVAtwood ECWhalen Bet alRooming-in to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome: improved family-centered care at lower costPediatrics2016;137(6):e20152929 PMID: 27194629 doi:10.1542/peds.2015-2929
  101. Grisham LMStephen MMCoykendall MRKane MFMaurer JABader MYEat, sleep, console approach: a family-centered model for the treatment of neonatal abstinence syndromeAdv Neonatal Care2019;19(2):138-144 PMID: 30855311 doi:10.1097/ANC.0000000000000581
  102. Negin JCoffman JVizintin PRaynes-Greenow CThe influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: a systematic reviewBMC Pregnancy Childbirth.2016;16(1):91 PMID: 27121708 doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0880-5
  103. American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsACOG breastfeeding toolkitAccessed October 18, 2017https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Toolkits-for-Health-Care-Providers/Breastfeeding-Toolkit
  104. World Health OrganizationTen steps to successful breastfeedinghttps://www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/food-and-nutritionactions-in-health-systems/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeedingAccessed October 31, 2023
  105. Spaeth AZemp EMerten SDratva JBaby-Friendly Hospital designation has a sustained impact on continued breastfeedingMatern Child Nutr2018;14(1):e12497 PMID: 28795789 doi:10.1111/mcn.12497
  106. Feltner CWeber RPStuebe ABreastfeeding Programs and Policies, Breastfeeding Uptake, and Maternal Health Outcomes in Developed Countries. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 210Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2015
  107. Dewey KGNommsen-Rivers LAHeinig MJCohen RJRisk factors for suboptimal infant breastfeeding behavior, delayed onset of lactation, and excess neonatal weight lossPediatrics2003;112(3 Pt 1):607-619 PMID: 12949292 doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.607
  108. Nommsen-Rivers LAChantry CJPeerson JMCohen RJDewey KGDelayed onset of lactogenesis among first-time mothers is related to maternal obesity and factors associated with ineffective breastfeedingAm J Clin Nutr2010;92(3):574-584 PMID: 20573792 doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29192
  109. DiGirolamo AMGrummer-Strawn LMFein SBEffect of maternity-care practices on breastfeedingPediatrics2008;122(122)(suppl 2):S43-S49 PMID: 18829830 doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1315e
  110. Chantry CJNommsen-Rivers LAPeerson JMCohen RJDewey KGExcess weight loss in first-born breastfed newborns relates to maternal intrapartum fluid balancePediatrics2011;127(1):e171-e179 PMID: 21173007 doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2663
  111. Flaherman VJSchaefer EWKuzniewicz MWLi SXWalsh EMPaul IMEarly weight loss nomograms for exclusively breastfed newbornsPediatrics2015;135(1):e16-e23 PMID: 25554815 doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1532
  112. Miller JRFlaherman VJSchaefer EWet alEarly weight loss nomograms for formula fed newbornsHosp Pediatr2015;5(5):263-268 PMID: 25934810 doi:10.1542/hpeds.2014-0143
  113. Feldman-Winter LKellams APeter-Wohl Set alEvidence-based updates on the first week of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 35 weeksPediatrics2020;145(4):e20183696 PMID: 32161111 doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3696
  114. American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and GynecologistsMaintenance of breastfeeding. In: Schanler RJ, ed. Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians3rd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2022
  115. Sjölin SHofvander YHillervik CFactors related to early termination of breast feeding. A retrospective study in SwedenActa Paediatr1977;66(4):505-511 PMID: 899768 doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07935.x
  116. Chen CYan YGao Xet alInfluences of cesarean delivery on breastfeeding practices and duration: a prospective cohort studyJ Hum Lact2018;34(3): 526-534 PMID: 29365288 doi:10.1177/0890334417741434
  117. Chapman DJPérez-Escamilla RIdentification of risk factors for delayed onset of lactationJ Am Diet Assoc1999;99(4):450-454 PMID: 10207398 doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00109-1
  118. Marasco LMarmet CShell EPolycystic ovary syndrome: a connection to insufficient milk supply? J Hum Lact2000;16(2):143-148 PMID: 11153345 doi:10.1177/089033440001600211
  119. Willis CELivingstone VInfant insufficient milk syndrome associated with maternal postpartum hemorrhageJ Hum Lact1995;11(2):123-126 PMID: 7619291 doi:10.1177/089033449501100218
  120. Thomas JBunik MHolmes Aet al; American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Breastfeeding, Section on Oral Health, Council on Quality Improvement and Patient Safety, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Section on Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryIdentification and management of ankyloglossia and its effect on breastfeeding in infants: clinical reportPediatrics2024;154(2):e2024067605
  121. Brodribb WABM clinical protocol #9: use of galactogogues in initiating or augmenting maternal milk production, second revision 2018Breastfeed Med2018;13(5):307-314 PMID: 29902083 doi:10.1089/bfm.2018.29092.wjb
  122. Human Milk Banking Association of North AmericaHMBANA Standards for donor human milk banking: an overviewAccessed January 19, 2023https://www.hmbana.org/file_download/inline/95a0362a-c9f4-4f15-b9ab-cf8cf7b7b866
  123. Keim SAKulkarni MMMcNamara Ket alCow's milk contamination of human milk purchased via the internetPediatrics2015;135(5):e1157-e1162 PMID: 25847797 doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3554
  124. US Food and Drug AdministrationUse of donor human milkAccessed January 19, 2023https://www.fda.gov/science-research/pediatrics/use-donor-human-milk
  125. Mangesi LZakarija-Grkovic ITreatments for breast engorgement during lactationCochrane Database Syst Rev2016;2016(6):CD006946 PMID: 27351423
  126. Boi BKoh SGail DThe effectiveness of cabbage leaf application (treatment) on pain and hardness in breast engorgement and its effect on the duration of breastfeedingJBI Library Syst Rev2012;10(20):1185-1213 PMID: 27820535 doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2012-58
  127. Chambers AHWagner CLHistory: a lesson from the past: excerpts from a clinical lecture on the treatment of a breast abscess, by Dr. Gunning S. Bedford (c. 1855)Breastfeed Med2007;2(2):105-111 PMID: 17661582 doi:10.1089/bfm.2007.0005
  128. Amir LH; Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol CommitteeABM clinical protocol #4: Mastitis, revised March 2014Breastfeed Med2014;9(5):239-243 PMID: 24911394 doi:10.1089/bfm.2014.9984
  129. Flaherman VJMaisels MJ; Academy of Breastfeeding MedicineABM clinical protocol #22: guidelines for management of jaundice in the breastfeeding infant 35 weeks or more of gestation-revised 2017Breastfeed Med2017;12(5):250-257 PMID: 29624434 doi:10.1089/bfm.2017.29042.vjf
  130. Kemper ARNewman TBSlaughter JLet alClinical practice guideline revision: management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestationPediatrics2022;150(3):e2022058859 PMID: 35927462 doi:10.1542/peds.2022-058859
  131. Wagner CLHulsey TCEbeling Met alSafety aspects of a randomized clinical trial of maternal and infant vitamin d supplementation by feeding type through 7 months postpartumBreastfeed Med2020;15(12):765-775 PMID: 32915638 doi:10.1089/bfm.2020.0056
  132. Dawodu ASalameh KMAl-Janahi NSBener AElkum NThe effect of high-dose postpartum maternal vitamin D supplementation alone compared with maternal plus infant vitamin d supplementation in breastfeeding infants in a high-risk population. a randomized controlled trialNutrients.2019;11(7):1632 PMID: 31319554 doi:10.3390/nu11071632
  133. Carlson SEDocosahexaenoic acid supplementation in pregnancy and lactationAm J Clin Nutr2009;89(2):678S-684S PMID: 19116324 doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26811E
  134. US Food and Drug AdministrationAdvice about eating fish for those who might become or are pregnant or breastfeeding and children ages 1-11 years. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/102331/download. Updated October 2021. Accessed October 10, 2023
  135. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionHow to keep your breast pump kit cleanhttps://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/pdf/hygiene/breast-pump-fact-sheet.pdfAccessed October 31, 2023
  136. DiMaggio DTips for freezing & refrigerating breast milkHealthyChildren.orghttps://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/breastfeeding/Pages/Storing-and-Preparing-Expressed-Breast-Milk.aspx. Updated September 9, 2016. Accessed October 31, 2023
  137. Slutzah MCodipilly CNPotak DClark RMSchanler RJRefrigerator storage of expressed human milk in the neonatal intensive care unitJ Pediatr2010;156(1):26-28 PMID: 19783003 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.07.023
  138. Abrams SALanders SNoble LMPoindexter BB; COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION; SECTION ON BREASTFEEDING; COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORNAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Nutrition, Section on Breastfeeding, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Donor human milk for the high-risk infant: preparation, safety, and usage options in the United StatesPediatrics2017;139(1):e20163440 PMID: 27994111 doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3440
  139. Meek JYPediatric competency in breastfeeding support has room for improvementPediatrics2017;140(4):e20172509 PMID: 28924061 doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2509
  140. The American Board of PediatricsGeneral pediatrics content outlineAccessed June 13, 2022https://www.abp.org/sites/abp/files/gp_contentoutline_2017.pdf
  141. Meek JYHatcher AJ; SECTION ON BREASTFEEDINGThe breastfeeding-friendly pediatric office practicePediatrics.2017;139(5):5 PMID: 28557776