section name header

References

  1. Cappellini MD, Comin-Colet J, de Francisco A, et al; IRON CORE Group. Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: international expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management. Am J Hematol. 2017;92(10):1068-1078 PMID: 28612425 doi:10.1002/ajh.24820
  2. Musallam KM, Taher AT. Iron deficiency beyond erythropoiesis: should we be concerned? Curr Med Res Opin. 2018;34(1):81-93 PMID: 29050512 doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1394833
  3. World Health Organization. Anemia. WHO Micronutrient Deficiencies: IDA. Published 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anaemia. Accessed June 28, 2024
  4. Gupta PM, Perrine CG, Mei Z, Scanlon KS. Iron, anemia, and iron deficiency anemia among young children in the United States. Nutrients. 2016;8(6):330 PMID: 27249004 doi:10.3390/nu8060330
  5. Sekhar DL, Kunselman AR, Chuang CH, Paul IM. Optimizing hemoglobin thresholds for detection of iron deficiency among reproductive-age women in the United States. Transl Res. 2017;180:68-76 PMID: 27593097 doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.08.003
  6. Lozoff B, Beard J, Connor J, Barbara F, Georgieff M, Schallert T. Long-lasting neural and behavioral effects of iron deficiency in infancy. Nutr Rev. 2006; 64(5 Pt 2):S34-S43 PMID: 16770951 doi:10.1301/nr.2006.may.S34-S43
  7. Bruner AB, Joffe A, Duggan AK, Casella JF, Brandt J. Randomised study of cognitive effects of iron supplementation in non-anaemic iron-deficient adolescent girls. Lancet. 1996;348(9033):992-996 PMID: 8855856 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02341-0
  8. McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):931-945 PMID: 17413089 doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.931
  9. Gingoyon A, Borkhoff CM, Koroshegyi C, et al. Chronic iron deficiency and cognitive function in early childhood. Pediatrics. 2022;150(6):e2021055926 PMID: 36412051 doi:10.1542/peds.2021-055926
  10. Zhu YI, Haas JD. Iron depletion without anemia and physical performance in young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(2):334-341 PMID: 9250112 doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.2.334
  11. Sharma R, Stanek JR, Koch TL, Grooms L, O'Brien SH. Intravenous iron therapy in non-anemic iron-deficient menstruating adolescent females with fatigue. Am J Hematol. 2016;91(10):973-977 PMID: 27351586 doi:10.1002/ajh.24461
  12. Dosman C, Witmans M, Zwaigenbaum L. Iron's role in paediatric restless legs syndrome - a review. Paediatr Child Health. 2012;17(4):193-197 PMID: 23543250 doi:10.1093/pch/17.4.193
  13. Sharp P, Srai SK. Molecular mechanisms involved in intestinal iron absorption. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(35):4716-4724 PMID: 17729393 doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i35.4716
  14. Andrews NC. Forging a field: the golden age of iron biology. Blood. 2008;112(2):219-230 PMID: 18606887 doi:10.1182/blood-2007-12-077388
  15. Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron metabolism: interactions with normal and disordered erythropoiesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(5):a011668 PMID: 22553501 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011668
  16. Wang J, Pantopoulos K. Regulation of cellular iron metabolism. Biochem J. 2011;434(3):365-381 PMID: 21348856 doi:10.1042/BJ20101825
  17. O'Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Abrams SA, Caulfield LE. Maternal iron status influences iron transfer to the fetus during the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(4):924-930 PMID: 12663293 doi:10.1093/ajcn/77.4.924
  18. Rehu M, Punnonen K, Ostland V, et al. Maternal serum hepcidin is low at term and independent of cord blood iron status. Eur J Haematol. 2010;85(4):345-352 PMID: 20528904 doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01479.x
  19. Dao MC, Sen S, Iyer C, Klebenov D, Meydani SN. Obesity during pregnancy and fetal iron status: is Hepcidin the link? J Perinatol. 2013;33(3):177-181 PMID: 22722675 doi:10.1038/jp.2012.81
  20. Dosch NC, Guslits EF, Weber MB, et al. Maternal obesity affects inflammatory and iron indices in umbilical cord blood. J Pediatr. 2016;172:20-28 PMID: 26970931 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.02.023
  21. Briana DD, Boutsikou T, Baka S, et al. Perinatal role of hepcidin and iron homeostasis in full-term intrauterine growth-restricted infants. Eur J Haematol. 2013;90(1):37-44 PMID: 23110713 doi:10.1111/ejh.12035
  22. East P, Delker E, Lozoff B, Delva J, Castillo M, Gahagan S. Associations among infant iron deficiency, childhood emotion and attention regulation, and adolescent problem behaviors. Child Dev. 2018;89(2):593-608 PMID: 28233303 doi:10.1111/cdev.12765
  23. Siddappa AJM, Rao RB, Wobken JD, et al. Iron deficiency alters iron regulatory protein and iron transport protein expression in the perinatal rat brain. Pediatr Res. 2003;53(5):800-807 PMID: 12621119 doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000058922.67035.D5
  24. Georgieff MK. Long-term brain and behavioral consequences of early iron deficiency. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(Suppl 1)(suppl 1):S43-S48 PMID: 22043882 doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00432.x
  25. Falkingham M, Abdelhamid A, Curtis P, Fairweather-Tait S, Dye L, Hooper L. The effects of oral iron supplementation on cognition in older children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr J. 2010;9(1):4 PMID: 20100340 doi:10.1186/1475-2891-9-4
  26. Pasricha SR, Hayes E, Kalumba K, Biggs BA. Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4-23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Glob Health. 2013;1(2):e77-e86 PMID: 25104162 doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70046-9
  27. Wang B, Zhan S, Gong T, Lee L. Iron therapy for improving psychomotor development and cognitive function in children under the age of three with iron deficiency anaemia. Cochrane Libr. 2013;2013(6):CD001444 PMID: 23744449 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001444.pub2
  28. Guo XM, Liu H, Qian J. Daily iron supplementation on cognitive performance in primary-school-aged children with and without anemia: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(9):16107-16111 PMID: 26629120
  29. Hermoso M, Vucic V, Vollhardt C, et al. The effect of iron on cognitive development and function in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review. Ann Nutr Metab. 2011;59(2-4):154-165 PMID: 22142898 doi:10.1159/000334490
  30. Low M, Farrell A, Biggs BA, Pasricha SR. Effects of daily iron supplementation in primary-school-aged children: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2013;185(17):E791-E802 PMID: 24130243 doi:10.1503/cmaj.130628
  31. Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics. 2010;126(5):1040-1050.
  32. Lozoff B, Kaciroti N, Walter T. Iron deficiency in infancy: applying a physiologic framework for prediction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(6):1412-1421 PMID: 17158425 doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1412
  33. Ru Y, Pressman EK, Cooper EM, et al. Iron deficiency and anemia are prevalent in women with multiple gestations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(4):1052-1060 PMID: 27581469 doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.126284
  34. Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron stores of breastfed infants during the first year of life. Nutrients. 2014;6(5):2023-2034 PMID: 24853888 doi:10.3390/nu6052023
  35. Committee Opinion No. 684 Summary: delayed umbilical cord clamping after birth. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(1):1 PMID: 28002305
  36. Andersson O, Hellström-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellöf M. Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343(nov15 1):d7157 PMID: 22089242 doi:10.1136/bmj.d7157
  37. Andersson O, Lindquist B, Lindgren M, Stjernqvist K, Domellöf M, Hellström-Westas L. Effect of delayed cord clamping on neurodevelopment at 4 years of age: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(7):631-638 PMID: 26010418 doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0358
  38. Friel JK, Aziz K, Andrews WL, Harding SV, Courage ML, Adams RJ. A double-masked, randomized control trial of iron supplementation in early infancy in healthy term breast-fed infants. J Pediatr. 2003;143(5):582-586 PMID: 14615726 doi:10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00301-9
  39. Dewey KG, Domellöf M, Cohen RJ, Landa Rivera L, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B. Iron supplementation affects growth and morbidity of breast-fed infants: results of a randomized trial in Sweden and Honduras. J Nutr. 2002;132(11):3249-3255 PMID: 12421836 doi:10.1093/jn/132.11.3249
  40. Angulo-Barroso RM, Li M, Santos DC, et al. Iron supplementation in pregnancy or infancy and motor development: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2016;137(4):e20153547 PMID: 26936859 doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3547
  41. Hernell O, Fewtrell MS, Georgieff MK, Krebs NF, Lönnerdal B. Summary of current recommendations on iron provision and monitoring of iron status for breastfed and formula-fed infants in resource-rich and resource-constrained countries. J Pediatr. 2015;167(4)(suppl):S40-S47 PMID: 26364025 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.020
  42. Iannotti LL, Tielsch JM, Black MM, Black RE. Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(6):1261-1276 PMID: 17158406 doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1261
  43. Hyams JS, Treem WR, Etienne NL, et al. Effect of infant formula on stool characteristics of young infants. Pediatrics. 1995;95(1):50-54 PMID: 7770309 doi:10.1542/peds.95.1.50
  44. Bradley CK, Hillman L, Sherman AR, Leedy D, Cordano A. Evaluation of two iron-fortified, milk-based formulas during infancy. Pediatrics. 1993;91(5):908-914 PMID: 8474811 doi:10.1542/peds.91.5.908
  45. Baqui AH, Zaman K, Persson LA, et al. Simultaneous weekly supplementation of iron and zinc is associated with lower morbidity due to diarrhea and acute lower respiratory infection in Bangladeshi infants. J Nutr. 2003;133(12):4150-4157 PMID: 14652364 doi:10.1093/jn/133.12.4150
  46. Nelson SE, Ziegler EE, Copeland AM, Edwards BB, Fomon SJ. Lack of adverse reactions to iron-fortified formula. Pediatrics. 1988;81(3):360-364 PMID: 3344179 doi:10.1542/peds.81.3.360
  47. Finn K, Callen C, Bhatia J, Reidy K, Bechard LJ, Carvalho R. Importance of dietary sources of iron in infants and toddlers: lessons from the FITS study. Nutrients. 2017;9(7):733 PMID: 28696361 doi:10.3390/nu9070733
  48. Ziegler EE, Nelson SE, Jeter JM. Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1): 76-87 PMID: 19458014 doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27350
  49. McDonald SJ, Middleton P, Dowswell T, Morris PS. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Libr. 2013;2013(7):CD004074 PMID: 23843134 doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub3
  50. Backes CH, Rivera BK, Haque U, et al. Placental transfusion strategies in very preterm neonates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(1):47-56 PMID: 24901269 doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000324
  51. Mercer JS, Erickson-Owens DA. Rethinking placental transfusion and cord clamping issues. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2012;26(3):202-217 PMID: 22843002 doi:10.1097/JPN.0b013e31825d2d9a
  52. Domellöf M, Braegger C, Campoy C, et al; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Iron requirements of infants and toddlers. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;58(1):119-129 PMID: 24135983 doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000206
  53. Long H, Yi JM, Hu PL, et al. Benefits of iron supplementation for low birth weight infants: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12(1):99 PMID: 22794149 doi:10.1186/1471-2431-12-99
  54. Bahr TM, Carr NR, Christensen TR, Wilkes J, O'Brien EA, German KR, et al. Early iron supplementation and iron sufficiency at one month of age in NICU patients at-risk for iron deficiency. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2021;YBCMD 102575 preprint
  55. Brichta CE, Godwin J, Norlin S, Kling PJ. Impact and interactions between risk factors on the iron status of at-risk neonates. J Perinatol. 2022;42(8):1103-1109 PMID: 35132153 doi:10.1038/s41372-022-01318-4
  56. Griffin IJ, Cooke RJ, Reid MM, McCormick KP, Smith JS. Iron nutritional status in preterm infants fed formulas fortified with iron. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;81(1):F45-F49 PMID: 10375362 doi:10.1136/fn.81.1.F45
  57. Landry C, Dorling J, Kulkarni K, et al. Post discharge iron status in very preterm infants receiving prophylactic iron supplementation after birth. J Pediatr. 2022;247:74-80.e2 PMID: 35577120 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.04.050
  58. Powers JM, Nagel M, Raphael JL, Mahoney DH, Buchanan GR, Thompson DI. Barriers to and facilitators of iron therapy in children with iron deficiency anemia. J Pediatr. 2020;219:202-208 PMID: 32014276 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.040
  59. Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(16):1517-1526 PMID: 12700371 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022848
  60. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Committee on Adolescent Health Care. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 785. Screening and management of bleeding disorders in adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(3):e71-e81
  61. Tilma J, Tilma K, Norregaard O, Ostergaard JR. Early childhood-onset restless legs syndrome: symptoms and effect of oral iron treatment. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(5):e221-e226 PMID: 23360128 doi:10.1111/apa.12173
  62. Dye TJ, Jain SV, Simakajornboon N. Outcomes of long-term iron supplementation in pediatric restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder (RLS/PLMD). Sleep Med. 2017;32:213-219 PMID: 27282843 doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.01.008
  63. Grim K, Lee B, Sung AY, Kotagal S. Treatment of childhood-onset restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder using intravenous iron sucrose. Sleep Med. 2013;14(11):1100-1104 PMID: 23993871 doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.006
  64. Jarjour IT, Jarjour LK. Low iron storage in children and adolescents with neurally mediated syncope. J Pediatr. 2008;153(1):40-44 PMID: 18571533 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.01.034
  65. Jarjour IT, Jarjour LK. Low iron storage and mild anemia in postural tachycardia syndrome in adolescents. Clin Auton Res. 2013;23(4):175-179 PMID: 23720007 doi:10.1007/s10286-013-0198-6
  66. Kılıç M, Özpınar A, Serteser M, Kilercik M, Serdar M. The effect of reticulocyte hemoglobin content on the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia: A meta-analysis study. J Med Biochem. 2022;41(1):1-13 PMID: 35291499 doi:10.5937/jomb0-31435
  67. Mukhtarova N, Ha B, Diamond CA, Plum AJJKP. Serum ferritin threshold for infantile iron deficiency screening in one-year-olds. J Pediatr. 2022;245:217-221 PMID: 35114287 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.01.050
  68. Abdullah K, Birken CS, Maguire JL, et al. Re-evaluation of serum ferritin cut-off values for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in children aged 12-36 months. J Pediatr. 2017;188:287-290 PMID: 28431746 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.03.028
  69. Mei Z, Addo OY, Jefferds ME, Sharma AJ, Flores-Ayala RC, Brittenham GM. Physiologically based serum ferritin thresholds for iron deficiency in children and non-pregnant women: a US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) serial cross-sectional study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(8): e572-e582 PMID: 34329578 doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00168-X
  70. Boghani S, Mei Z, Perry GS, Brittenham GM, Cogswell ME. Accuracy of capillary hemoglobin measurements for the detection of anemia among U.S. low-income toddlers and pregnant women. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):253 PMID: 28282926 doi:10.3390/nu9030253
  71. Uijterschout L, Domellöf M, Vloemans J, et al. The value of Ret-Hb and sTfR in the diagnosis of iron depletion in healthy, young children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(8):882-886 PMID: 24781685 doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.70
  72. Davidkova S, Prestidge TD, Reed PW, Kara T, Wong W, Prestidge C. Comparison of reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent with traditional markers of iron and erythropoiesis in pediatric dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016;31(5):819-826 PMID: 26667237 doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3284-2
  73. Mei Z, Flores-Ayala RC, Grummer-Strawn LM, Brittenham GM. Is erythrocyte protoporphyrin a better single screening test for iron deficiency compared to hemoglobin or mean cell volume in children and women? Nutrients. 2017;9(6):557 PMID: 28561801 doi:10.3390/nu9060557
  74. Rettmer RL, Carlson TH, Origenes ML, Jack RM, Labb RF. Zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio for diagnosis of preanemic iron deficiency. Pediatrics. 1999;104(3):e37 PMID: 10469820 doi:10.1542/peds.104.3.e37
  75. López-Ruzafa E, Vázquez-López MA, Lendinez-Molinos F, et al. Reference values of reticulocyte hemoglobin content and their relation with other indicators of iron status in healthy children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2016;38(7):e207-e212 PMID: 27403769 doi:10.1097/MPH.0000000000000639
  76. Powers JM, Buchanan GR, Adix L, Zhang S, Gao A, McCavit TL. Effect of low-dose ferrous sulfate vs iron polysaccharide complex on hemoglobin concentration in young children with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(22):2297-2304 PMID: 28609534 doi:10.1001/jama.2017.6846
  77. Zlotkin S, Arthur P, Antwi KY, Yeung G. Randomized, controlled trial of single versus 3-times-daily ferrous sulfate drops for treatment of anemia. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):613-616 PMID: 11533326 doi:10.1542/peds.108.3.613
  78. Oski FA. Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(3): 190-193 PMID: 8515791 doi:10.1056/NEJM199307153290308
  79. Moretti D, Goede JS, Zeder C, et al. Oral iron supplements increase hepcidin and decrease iron absorption from daily or twice-daily doses in iron-depleted young women. Blood. 2015;126(17):1981-1989 PMID: 26289639 doi:10.1182/blood-2015-05-642223
  80. Schrier SL. So you know how to treat iron deficiency anemia. Blood. 2015;126(17):1971 PMID: 26494915 doi:10.1182/blood-2015-09-666511
  81. Rimon E, Kagansky N, Kagansky M, et al. Are we giving too much iron? Low-dose iron therapy is effective in octogenarians. Am J Med. 2005;118(10): 1142-1147 PMID: 16194646 doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.065
  82. Stoffel NU, Cercamondi CI, Brittenham G, et al. Iron absorption from oral iron supplements given on consecutive versus alternate days and as single morning doses versus twice-daily split dosing in iron-depleted women: two open-label, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Haematol. 2017;4(11):e524-e533 PMID: 29032957 doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(17)30182-5
  83. Powers JM, Daniel CL, McCavit TL, Buchanan GR. Deficiencies in the management of iron deficiency anemia during childhood. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2016;63(4):743-745 PMID: 26728130 doi:10.1002/pbc.25861
  84. Yip R, Reeves JD, Lönnerdal B, Keen CL, Dallman PR. Does iron supplementation compromise zinc nutrition in healthy infants? Am J Clin Nutr. 1985;42(4):683-687 PMID: 4050728 doi:10.1093/ajcn/42.4.683
  85. Reeves JD, Yip R. Lack of adverse side effects of oral ferrous sulfate therapy in 1-year-old infants. Pediatrics. 1985;75(2):352-355 PMID: 3969339 doi:10.1542/peds.75.2.352
  86. Holst L, Nordeng H, Haavik S. Use of herbal drugs during early pregnancy in relation to maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17(2):151-159 PMID: 17992658 doi:10.1002/pds.1527
  87. Charles CV, Dewey CE, Hall A, Channary S, Summerlee AJ. A randomized control trial using a fish-shaped iron ingot for the amelioration of iron deficiency anemia in rural Cambodian women. Trop Med Surg. 2015;3(3):1000195 doi:10.4172/2329-9088.1000195
  88. Armstrong GR, Dewey CE, Summerlee AJ. Iron release from the Lucky Iron Fish®: safety considerations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2017;26(1):148-155 PMID: 28049274
  89. Whitney R, Centrone WA, Mamani HS, et al. Impact of a collaborative childhood anaemia intervention programme in Peru. Trop Med Int Health. 2021;26(6):680-686 PMID: 33605012 doi:10.1111/tmi.13564
  90. Laass MW, Straub S, Chainey S, Virgin G, Cushway T. Effectiveness and safety of ferric carboxymaltose treatment in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and other gastrointestinal diseases. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014; 14(1):184 PMID: 25326048 doi:10.1186/1471-230X-14-184
  91. Crary SE, Hall K, Buchanan GR. Intravenous iron sucrose for children with iron deficiency failing to respond to oral iron therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(4):615-619 PMID: 21298748 doi:10.1002/pbc.22930
  92. Plummer ES, Crary SE, McCavit TL, Buchanan GR. Intravenous low molecular weight iron dextran in children with iron deficiency anemia unresponsive to oral iron. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60(11):1747-1752 PMID: 23832487 doi:10.1002/pbc.24676
  93. Powers JM, Shamoun M, McCavit TL, Adix L, Buchanan GR. Intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in children with iron deficiency anemia who respond poorly to oral iron. J Pediatr. 2017;180:212-216 PMID: 27776750 doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.053
  94. Mantadakis E, Tsouvala E, Xanthopoulou V, Chatzimichael A. Intravenous iron sucrose for children with iron deficiency anemia: a single institution study. World J Pediatr. 2016;12(1):109-113 PMID: 25754747 doi:10.1007/s12519-015-0010-x
  95. Auerbach M, Macdougall IC. Safety of intravenous iron formulations: facts and folklore. Blood Transfus. 2014;12(3):296-300 PMID: 25074787