Viruses (Enteroviruses, especially coxsackie and echoviruses; adenoviruses; Parvovirus B19;

Herpes viruses (especially EBV and CMV); HIV

Pyogenic bacteria (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. aureus, Neisseria meningitidis)

Other bacteria: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever agent), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease agent)

Autoimmune (e.g. SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, ulcerative colitis, chronic active hepatitis)

Neoplasia (e.g. breast, lung, lymphomas)

Metabolic (uraemia)

Drug-related (e.g. dantrolene, doxorubicin, hydralazine, procainamide)

Pericardial injury including cardiothoracic surgery (Dressler's Syndrome)

As a complication of acute myocardial infarction