With ventricular fibrillation (VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (pVT)

Acute coronary syndrome

Ischaemic heart disease with previous myocardial infarction

Other structural heart disease (e.g. dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Channelopathies (e.g. long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome)

With pulseless electrical activity (PEA) or asystole

Hypovolaemia

Hypoxaemia

Hypokalaemia/hyperkalaemia/hypocalcaemia

Hypothermia

Toxins (poisoning)

Tamponade: cardiac

Tension pneumothorax

Thromboembolism: pulmonary