• Stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy
• Myocarditis
• Arrhythmia
• Severe aortic stenosis
• Contusion or other trauma (e.g. radiofrequency ablation, pacing)
• Infiltration (e.g. amyloid)
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
• Cardiogenic shock of any cause

Non-cardiac

• Pulmonary embolism or severe pulmonary hypertension
• Subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Sepsis
• Strenuous exercise
• Respiratory failure
• Acute kidney injury or advanced chronic kidney disease
• Other causes of shock (hypovolaemic, septic, anaphylactic)