• Pseudohyperkalaemia (see text)

Predominantly renal causes

• Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease
• Mineralocorticoid deficiency:
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Hyporeninaemic hypoaldosteronism
  • Renal tubular acidosis type 4
• Drugs, for example angiotensin-conventing-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics, spironolactone

Predominantly non-renal causes

• Oral or intravenous potassium input excess
• Severe tissue damage:
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Tumour-lysis syndrome
• Acidosis or hypoxia
• Digoxin toxicity
• Familial hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (rare)