Pain score

Blood pressure

Heart rate and rhythm (continuous ECG monitoring)

Clinical assessment for evidence of:

• Brain or spinal cord ischaemia
• Myocardial ischaemia
• Renal ischaemia (creatinine, eGFR, urine output)
• Mesenteric ischaemia (abdominal pain which is frequently non-specific, with bloody diarrhoea, rising lactate)
• Limb ischaemia (distal pulses)