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Table 113.1

Contraindications to NIV

Absolute contraindications to NIVRelative contraindications to NIV
Impending respiratory arrest*Confusion or agitation
Upper airway obstruction*Diagnosis of pneumonia
Glasgow Coma Scale score <8*Severe hypoxaemia
Respiratory rate <8 breaths/min*Haemodynamic instability
Asthma*Copious respiratory secretions
Undrained pneumothoraxVomiting
Bowel obstruction
Facial burns or trauma
Upper airway or upper GI surgery
Arterial pH < 7.25

* In all these settings invasive ventilation should be considered.