• Deep vein thrombosis
• Superficial thrombophlebitis
• IVC obstruction (e.g. by a tumour)
• Varicose veins with chronic venous hypertension
• Post-phlebitic syndrome
• Congenital lymphoedema
• After vein harvesting for coronary bypass grafting
• Dependent oedema (e.g. in a paralysed limb)
• Severe obesity with compression of ilio-femoral veins

Musculoskeletal

• Calf haematoma
• Ruptured Baker's cyst
• Muscle tear

Skin

• Cellulitis (often presents with tenderness, erythema and induration of the skin)

Systemic (oedema is bilateral, but may be asymmetric)

• Heart failure
• Liver failure
• Acute kidney injury/chronic kidney disease
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Hypoalbuminaemia
• Chronic respiratory failure
• Pregnancy
• Idiopathic oedema of women
• Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists
• Drugs causing salt/water retention