| Ischemia or infarction (see Chapter 15) |
| Dietary indiscretion (high salt and/or fluid intake) |
| Fluid and salt intake intravenously and from medications (Many intravenous antibiotics and medications may provide iatrogenic salt loads due to their formulation or volume loads depending on how concentrated the IV preparation is; see Chapter 8) |
| Medications with direct cardioinhibitory effect that depress cardiac function by decreasing chronotropy and/or inotropy (eg, β antagonists or calcium channel antagonists, sodium channel blockers, etc.) |
| Worsening or acute valvular disease (see Chapter 16) |
| Tachyarrhythmias (which may impair LV output and/or ventricular filling) and less commonly bradyarrhythmia (loss of atrioventricular synchrony or insufficient heart rate) (see Chapter 17) |
| Pacemaker related due to chronic RV pacing, pacemaker-mediated tachycardia, or inadequate biventricular pacing (CRT) |
| Comorbid renal and/or hepatic failure with impacts on fluid and sodium homeostasis |
| Endocrinopathy (thyroid dysfunction) |
| Uncontrolled hypertension |
| Acute infections |
| Acute neurologic insults (may provoke secondary cardiomyopathy) |
| Acute inflammatory conditions with various cardiomyopathies and myocarditis are discussed below. |
CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICU, intensive care unit; LV, left ventricle.