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Workflow can often be greatly aided by building a full-sized mock-up of a planned space or observing in an existing (working) space. The use of a disinterested third-party observer trained in infection prevention and human factors analysis is valuable to identify workflow patterns that minimize or eliminate infection risks. Elements to consider include:

• Adequate space is provided for people and equipment to move and pass without cross-contamination.
• Adequate space is provided in a patient space for personnel to move without cross-contamination.
• Adequate hand cleaning opportunities, such as handwashing sinks or alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) dispensers, are appropriately placed.
• To gain the most efficiency in a PACU, all supplies and equipment, including waste and soiled linen disposal, should be located within 10 paces of the patient space.
• Only supplies intended for the current patient may be located in the patient’s space. (“Leftover” disposable supplies should be discarded when a patient is moved out of the bay or room, as unrecognized contaminating events are likely to have occurred, causing cross-contamination of packaging, supplies, and equipment for subsequent patients.)
• If PACU personnel feel obliged to “stockpile” supplies in the patient areas, it is critical to determine and correct those root causes through a systematic review of workflow.