Erikson—Psychosocial Development
In each stage, there is conflict between a psychosocial task and an opposing ego threat.
| Stage | Psychosocial Task versus Ego Threat |
|---|---|
| Birth to 1 year | Trust versus Mistrust |
| 2 to 3 years | Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt |
| 4 to 5 years | Initiative versus Guilt |
| 6 to 12 years | Industry versus Inferiority |
| 13 to 18 years | Identity versus Role Confusion |
| Young adult | Intimacy versus Isolation |
| Middle-aged adult | Generativity versus Self Absorption |
| Elderly adult | Ego Integrity versus Despair |
Freud—Psychosexual Development
In each stage, personality conflict may arise as the individual seeks sensual pleasure through a specific body region.
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Birth to 1 year: Oral Stage | Gratification through activities such as sucking, biting, and vocalizing are a major source of pleasure |
| 1 to 3 years: Anal Stage | Activities related to bowel control may affect personality |
| 3 to 6 years: Phallic or Oedipal Stage | The genitals become a focus of attention; penis envy or castration anxiety may occur |
| 6 to 12 years: Latency Period | Further development of previously learned skills occurs |
| Age 12 years and older: Genital Stage | The genital organs are a major source of pleasure |
Piaget—Cognitive (Mental) Development
In each stage, behavior and adaptation to the environment occur through development of intelligence.
| Stage | Description |
|---|---|
| Sensorimotor Birth to 2 years | Child develops awareness of object permanence; child understands that an object exists even when it has disappeared from view |
| Preoperational 2 to 7 years | Child is egocentric or unable to see another’s point of view |
| Concrete Operations 7 to 11 years | Child is able to problem-solve by sorting and classifying facts and can think abstractly; reasoning is inductive |
| Formal Operations 11 to 15 years | Adolescent’s thinking becomes more abstract and flexible |