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Reference

GENERAL REFERENCES
  1. References with the symbol * are classic, original references over 10 years old and have been retained by this author to recognize the scholarship and originality of the work.
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SECTION 2Part 1: Individual Nursing DiagnosesNeonatal Abstinence Syndrome
  1. Jansson, L. M. (2019). Neonatal abstinence syndrome. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome?search=Neonatal%20Abstinence%
Decreased Activity Intolerance
  1. Bauldoff, G. (2015). When breathing is a burden: How to help patients with COPD. American Nurse Today, 10(2).
  2. *Bauldoff, G. S., & Diaz, P. T. (2006). Improving COPD outcomes. Nurse Practitioner, 31(8), 26-43.
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  4. Burkes, R. M., Ceppe, A. S., Doerschuk, C. M., Couper, D., Hoffman, E. A., Comellas, A. P., . . . Viviano, L. (2020). Associations among 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, lung function, and exacerbation outcomes in COPD: An analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort. Chest, 157(4), 856-865.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Smoking and COPD. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/index.html?s_cid=OSH_tips_GL0006&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TipsRegular+2021%
  6. COPD Foundation. (2021). Breathing exercises. Retrieved from https://www.copdfoundation.org/Learn-More/I-am-a-Person-with-COPD/Breathing-Techniques.aspx
  7. Rigotti, N. A., Clair, C., Munafò, M. R., & Stead, L. F. (2012). Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), CD001837. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001837.pub3
  8. Troosters, T., van der Molen, T., Polkey, M., Rabinovich, R. A., Vogiatzis, I., Weisman, I., & Kulich, K. (2013). Improving physical activity in COPD: Towards a new bibliomixeddigm. Respiratory Research, 14, 115. https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-14-115
Risk for Adverse Reaction to Iodinated Contrast Media
  1. Davenport, M. J. (2018). Patient evaluation prior to oral or iodinated intravenous contrast for computed tomography. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/patient-evaluation-prior-to-oral-or-iodinated-intravenous-contrast-for-computed-tomography
  2. Kang, S. K. (2019). Diagnosis and treatment of an acute reaction to a radiologic contrast agent UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-an-acute-reaction-to-a-radiologic-contrast-agent#H3377024725
  3. Pasternak, J., & Williamson, E. (2012). Clinical pharmacology, uses, and adverse reactions of iodinated contrast agents: A primer for the non-radiologist. Mayo Clinical Proceedings, 87(4), 390-402. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538464/
  4. *Robbins, J. B., & Pozniak, M. A. (2010). Contrast media tutorial. https://www.radiology.wisc.edu/.../contrastCorner/.../ContrastAgentsTutorial
Risk for Allergy Reaction
  1. Asthma and Allergy Foundations. (2021). Allergies. Retrieved from https://www.aafa.org/
  2. Brooks, K. (2011). Acute hypersensitivity reactions: What nurses need to know. Johns Hopkins Nursing. Retrieved from http://magazine.nursing.jhu.edu/2011/04/acute-hypersensitivity-reactions-what-nurses-need-to-know/comment-page-1/
  3. Burks, W. (2021). Patient information: Food allergy symptoms and diagnosis (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/food-allergy-symptoms-and-diagnosis-beyond-the-basics?search=Burks,%20W%20)%
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Allergies and hay fever. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/allergies.htm
  5. Food Allergy Research and Education. (2021). Facts and statistics. Retrieved from https://www.foodallergy.org/resources/facts-and-statistics
Anxiety, & Death Anxiety
  1. American Pediatric Association. (2018). Policy statement: Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Retrieved from https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/129/3/e827
  2. American Psychological Association. (2019). Road to resiliency. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience
  3. Arizona Department of Health Services. (2010). Arizona baby steps to breastfeeding success. Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/bnp/gobreastmilk/BFAzBabySteps.htm
  4. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Nurses. (2020). Breastfeeding resources for nurses. Retrieved from https://www.awhonn.org/consumer-resources/breastfeeding-resources-for-nurses/
  5. BFAR. (2010). Breastfeeding after breast and nipple surgeries. Retrieved from http://bfar.org
  6. Blanchard, C. M., Courneya, K. S., & Laing, D. (2001). Effects of acute exercise on state anxiety in breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28(10), 1617-1621.
  7. Brant, J. M. (1998). The art of palliative care: Living with hope, dying with dignity. Oncology Nursing Forum, 25(6), 995-1004.
  8. Clover, K., Carter, G. L., & Whyte, I. M. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder among deliberate self-poisoning patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(6), 509-517.
  9. Coombs Lee, B., & Werth, J. L., Jr. (2000). Observations on the first year of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 268-290.
  10. Decker, George. (2018). Complementary and alternative medicine therapies in integrative oncolocy. In C. Yarbro, D. Wujcik, & B. Gobel (Eds.), Cancer nursing: Principles and practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
  11. Deletering, K., & Silveira, M. (2019). Advance care planning and advance directives. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/advance-care-planning-and-advance-directives
  12. *Dyer, W. (2004). 101 ways to transform your life. New Delhi, India: Hay House Publishing.
  13. Eskelinen, M., Korhonen, R., Selander, T., & Ollonen, P. (2015). The relation of hopelessness/helplessness versus beck depression inventory (BDI) in healthy individuals and in patients with benign breast disease and breast cancer: A prospective case-control study in Finland. Anticancer Research, 35(2), 941-947.
  14. Evans, A., Marinelli, K. A., & Taylor, J. S. (2014). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM clinical protocol #2: Guidelines for hospital discharge of the breastfeeding term newborn and mother: "The going home protocol," revised 2014. Breastfeed Medicine, 9(1), 3-8.
  15. Gomes, G. L., & da Nóbrega, M. M. (2015). Anxiety in children following hospitalization: A proposal for a nursing diagnosis. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 23(5), 963-970.
  16. *Grainer, R. (1990). Anxiety interrupters. American Journal of Nursing, 90(2), 14-15.
  17. Henningsen, P. (2018). Management of somatic symptom disorder. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 20(1), 23-31.
  18. Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., & Rosen-Carole, C. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate. Breastfeed Medicine, 5(12), 188-198. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28294631/
  19. KFF. (2015). Kaiser Health Tracking Poll: September 2015. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/health-costs/poll-finding/kaiser-health-tracking-poll-september-2015/
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  21. Lugina, H. I., Lindmark, G., Johansson, E., & Christensson, K. (2001). Tanzanian midwives' views on becoming a good resource and support person for postpartum women. Midwifery, 17(4), 267-278.
  22. Lyon, B. L. (2002). Cognitive self-care skills: A model for managing stressful lifestyles. Nursing Clinics of North America, 37(2), 285-294.
  23. May, R. (1977). The meaning of anxiety. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  24. McCreight, B. S. (2004). A grief ignored: Narratives of pregnancy loss from a male perspective. Sociology of Health and Illness, 26(3), 326-350.
  25. National Center Health Services. (2020). Breastfeeding report card United States, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm
  26. *Queensland Mind Essentials. (2010). Caring for the person experiencing an anxiety disorder. Retrieved from https://everymind.imgix.net/assets/Uploads/MIND-ESSENTIALS-resource-web.pdf
  27. *Riordan, J., & Wambach, K. (2009). Breastfeeding and human lactation (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
  28. Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., Lancet Breastfeeding Series Group. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? Lancet, 387(10017), 491-504.
  29. Silveira, M. J. (2020). Advance care planning and advance directives. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/advance-care-planning-and-advance-directives?search=advance%20care%20planning&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  30. Tusaie, K., & Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of construct. Holistic Nursing Practice, 18(1), 3-8.
  31. Walker, M. (2017). Breastfeeding management for the clinician: Using the evidence (4th ed.). Sudbury, WA: Jones & Bartlett
  32. Wei, M. (2016). Six aromatherapy essential oils for stress relief and sleep: Research shows aromatherapy can help relieve stress and promote sleep. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/urban-survival/201604/six-aromatherapy-essential-oils-stress-relief-and-sleep
  33. Whitley, G. (1994). Concept analysis in nursing diagnosis research. In R. C. Johnson & M. Paquette (Eds.), Proceeding of the 10th conference of nursing diagnosis. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott.
  34. Wong, H. L. C., Lopez-Nahas, V., & Molassiotis, A. (2001). Effects of music therapy on anxiety in ventilator dependent patients. Heart Lung Journal of Acute Critical Care, 30(5), 376-387.
  35. Wright, A. A., Zhang, B., Ray, A., Mack, J. W., Trice, E., Balboni, T., . . . Prigerson, H. G. (2008). Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA, 300(14), 1665-1673.
  36. Yadav, K. N., Gabler, N. B., Cooney, E., Kent, S., Kim, J., Herbst, N., . . . Courtright, K. R. (2017). Approximately one in three US adults completes any type of advance directive for end-of-life care. Health Affairs (Millwood), 36(7), 1244-1251.
  37. Yakimo, R., Kurlowicz, L. H., & Murray, R. B. (2004). Evaluation of outcomes in psychiatric consultation-liaison nursing practice. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 18(6), 215-227.
  38. Yokom, C. J. (1984). The differentiation of fear and anxiety. In M. J. Kim, G. K. McFarland, & A. M. McLane (Eds.), Classification of nursing diagnoses: Proceedings of the fifth national conference. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
Risk for Imbalanced Body Temperature
  1. Ball, J., & Bindler, R. (2008). Pediatric nursing: Caring for children (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  2. Cairns, C., Ashman, J. J., & Kang, K. (2018). Emergency department visit rates by selected characteristics: United States, 2018 (NCHS Data Brief, No. 401). Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
  3. Corneli, H., & Kadish, H. (2020). Hypothermia in children: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypothermia-in-children-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis
  4. DeFabio, D. C. (2000). Fluid and nutrient maintenance before, during, and after exercise. Journal of Sports Chiropractic and Rehabilitation, 14(2), 21-24, 42-43.
  5. Edwards, S. L. (1999). Hypothermia. Professional Nurse, 14(4), 253.
  6. Fallis, W. M. (2000). Oral measurement of temperature in orally intubated critical care patients: State-of-the-science review. American Journal of Critical Care, 9(5), 334-343.
  7. Giuliano, K. K., Giuliano, A. J., Scott, S. S., MacLachlan, E., Pysznik, E., Elliot, S., & Woytowicz, D. (2000). Temperature measurement in critically ill adults: A comparison of tympanic and oral methods. American Journal of Critical Care, 9(4), 254-261.
  8. Puterbough, C. (1991). Hypothermia related to exposure and surgical interventions. Today's OR Nurse, 13(7), 32-33.
  9. Scarfone, R., & Cho, C. (2020). Ill-appearing infant (younger than 90 days of age): Causes. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ill-appearing-infant-younger-than-90-days-of-age-causes?search=neonatal%
  10. Smith, L. S. (2004). Temperature measurement in critical care adults: A comparison of thermometry and measurement routes. Biological Research for Nursing, 6(2), 117.
  11. Wilkinson, J., & Van Leuven, K. (2007). Fundamentals of nursing: Theory, concepts & applications. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
  12. Zafren, K., & Mechem, C. C. (2021). Accidental hypothermia in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/accidental-hypothermia-in-adults
Impaired Bowel Continence
  1. Duelund-Jakobsen, J., Worsoe, J., Lundby, L., Christensen, P., & Krogh, K. (2016). Management of patients with fecal incontinence. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 9(1), 86-97.
  2. Robson, K. M., & Lembo, A. J. (2020). Fecal incontinence in adults: Etiology and evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fecal-incontinence-in-adults-etiology-and-evaluation
  3. Shah, B. J., Chokhavita, S., & Rose, S. (2012). Fecal Incontinence in the elderly: FAQ. The America Journal of Gastroenterology, 107(11), 1635-1646.
Ineffective Breastfeeding
  1. Arizona baby steps to breastfeeding success. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.azdhs.gov/phs/bnp/gobreastmilk/BFAzBabySteps.htm
  2. Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Nurses (AWHONN). (2020). Breastfeeding resources for nurses. Retrieved from https://www.awhonn.org/consumer-resources/breastfeeding-resources-for-nurses/
  3. Benson, S. (2001). What is normal? A study of normal breastfeeding dyads during the first sixty hours of life. Breastfeeding Review, 9, 27-32.
  4. Bergman, N. (2009, March). Perinatal neuroscience and skin-to-skin contact. Paper presented at the New Mexico Breastfeeding Task Force, Albuquerque, NM.
  5. BFAR. (2010). Breastfeeding after breast and nipple surgeries. Retrieved from http://bfar.org
  6. Ertem, I. O., Votto, N., & Leventhal, J. M. (2001). The timing and predictors of the early termination of breastfeeding. Pediatrics, 107(3), 543-548.
  7. Evans, A., Marinelli, K. A., & Taylor, J. S. (2014). Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. ABM clinical protocol #2: Guidelines for hospital discharge of the breastfeeding term newborn and mother: "The going home protocol," revised 2014. Breastfeed Medicine, 9(1), 3-8.
  8. *Hale, T. W., & Hartmann, P. F. (2007). Textbook of human lactation. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.
  9. Kellams, A., Harrel, C., Omage, S., Gregory, C., & Rosen-Carole, C. (2017). ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary feedings in the healthy term breastfed neonate. Breastfeed Medicine, 5(12), 188-198. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28294631/
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See also ThermoregulationCaregiver Role Strain
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  17. Twaddle, M., & McCormack, E. (2021). Palliative care delivery in the home. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/palliative-care-delivery-in-the-home?sectionName=ROLE%20OF%20CAREGIVERS&search=caregiver%20burden&topicRef=97581&anchor=H113019835&source=see_link#H113019835
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Impaired Comfort
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Labor Pain
  1. *American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice & the American Society of Anesthesiologists. (2004). Pain relief during labor (Committee Opinion #295). Washington, DC: Author. Reaffirmed in 2008.
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Impaired Communication
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Decisional Conflict
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Impaired Emancipated Decision-Making
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Diarrhea
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Disuse Syndrome
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Frail Elderly Syndrome
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Risk for Elopement Attempt
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Energy Field Disturbance
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Compromised Engagement, Risk for Compromised Engagement
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Fatigue
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Fear
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Fluid Volume Deficit
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Fluid Volume Excess
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Grieving
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Growth and Development
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Risk-Prone Health Behavior
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Ineffective Self-Health Management
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Hopelessness
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  11. Oztunj, G., Yesil, P., Paydas, S., & Ergogan, S. (2013). Social support and hopelessness in patients with breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 14(1), 571-578.
  12. Robinson, J. D., Hoover, D. R., Venetis, M. K., Kearney, T. J., & Street, R. L., Jr. (2013). Consultations between patients with breast cancer and surgeons: A pathway from patient-centered communication to reduced hopelessness. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 31(3), 351-358.
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Risk for Complicated Immigrant Transition
  1. Wei, M. (2016). Six aromatherapy essential oils for stress relief and sleep: Research shows aromatherapy can help relieve stress and promote sleep. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/urban-survival/201604/six-aromatherapy-essential-oils-stress-relief-and-sleep
  2. *Yeh, S. C., & Yeh, H. F. (2007). [Using complementary therapy with a hemodialysis patient with colon cancer and a sense of hopelessness]. Hu Li Za Zhi: The Journal of Nursing, 54(5), 93-98.
Risk for Compromised Human Dignity
  1. Brenan, M. (2019). Nurses again outpace other professions for honesty, ethics. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/245597/nurses-again-outpace-professions-honesty-ethics.aspx
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  3. The Joint Commission. (2015). National patient safety. Hospital accreditation program. Retrieved from www.jointcommission.org/topics/hai_standards_and_npsgs.aspx
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  5. *Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: Understanding patient-centered care. British Journal of Nursing, 19(14), 912-917.
  6. Reed, P., Smith, P., Fletcher, M., & Bradding, A. (2003). Promoting the dignity of the child in hospital. Nursing Ethics, 10(1), 67-76.
  7. *Robinson, J. H., Callister, L. C., Berry, J. A., & Dearing, K. A. (2008). Patient-centered care and adherence: Definitions and applications to improve outcomes. Journal of American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20(12), 600-607.
  8. *Walsh, K., & Kowanko, I. (2002). Nurses' and patients' perceptions of dignity. International Journal Nursing Practitioner, 8(3), 143-151.
  9. *Wong, J. D., Bajcar, J. M., Wong, G. G., Alibhai, S. M., Huh, J. H., Cesta, A., . . . Fernandes, O. A. (2008). Medication reconciliation at hospital discharge: Evaluating discrepancies. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 42(10), 1373-1379.
Risk for Complicated Immigration Transition
  1. Ahmed, S., Lee, S., Shommu, N., Rumana, N., & Turin, T. (2017). Experiences of communication barriers between physicians and immigrant patients: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Patient Experience Journal, 4(1), 122-140.
  2. Akechi, H., Senju, A., Uibo, H., Kikuchi, Y., Hasegawa, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2013). Attention to eye contact in the West and East: Autonomic responses and evaluative ratings. PLoS One, 8(3), e59312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059312
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  4. Artiga, S., & Pham, O. (2019). Addressing health and social needs of immigrant families: Lessons from local communities. Retrieved from http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Addressing-Health-and-Social-Needs-of-Immigrant-Families-Lessons-from-Local-Communities
  5. Breen, L. M. (1999). What should i do if my patient does not speak English? JAMA, 282(9), 819. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.9.819-JMS0901-3-1
  6. Constant, A. F., Kahanec, M., & Zimmermann, K. F. (2008). Attitudes towards immigrants, other integration barriers, and their veracity (IZA Discussion Papers 3650). Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics. Retrieved from http://ftp.iza.org/dp3650.pdf
  7. Ebden, P., Bhatt, A., Carey, O. J., & Harrison, B. (1988). The bilingual consultation. Lancet, 1(8581), 347.
  8. Escamilla, Daniela. (2018). Barriers to citizenship and the impact on immigrant integration (Capstone Projects and Master's Theses, 334). Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/caps_thes_all/334
  9. Gathmann, C., & Monscheuer, O. (2020). Naturalization and citizenship: Who benefits? IZA World of Labor, 2020, 125. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.125.v2
  10. Giger, J., Davidhizar, R. E., Purnell, L., Harden, J. T., Phillips, J., & Strickland, O. (2007). American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel report: Developing cultural competence to eliminate health disparities in ethnic minorities and other vulnerable populations. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 18(2), 95-102.
  11. Hammer, M. (2009). Solving problems and resolving conflict using the intercultural conflict style model and inventory. In M. Hammer (Ed.), Contemporary leadership and intercultural competence: Exploring the cross-cultural dynamics within organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  12. Hammer, M. (2012). The Intercultural Development Inventory: A new frontier in assessment and development of intercultural competence. In M. Vande Berg, R. M. Paige, & K. H. Lou (Eds.), Student learning abroad (pp. 115-136). Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
  13. Kaiser Permanente. (2019). Many community health centers report that immigrant patients are declining to enroll in medicaid or renew their coverage amid concerns about changes to public charge rules. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/press-release/many-community-health-centers-report-that-immigrant-patients-are-declining-to-enroll-in-medicaid-or-renew-their-coverage-amid-concerns-about-changes-to-public-charge-rules/
  14. Lindner, M. (2013). Edward T. Hall's cultural iceberg. Prezi Presentation. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/y4biykjasxhw/edward-t-halls-cultural-iceberg/?utm_source=prezi-view&utm_medium=ending-bar&utm_content=Title-link&utm_campaign=ending-bar-tryout.
  15. Loftin, C., Hartin, V., Branson, M., & Reyes, H. (2013). Measures of cultural competence in nurses: An integrative review. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 289101. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/289101
  16. Office of Refugee Resettlement. (2012). Refugee Assistance Division—Cash and Medical Assistance Program. ORR. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/orr/resource/divisions-refugee-assistance
  17. Smiley, R. A., Bienemy, C., Berg, J. G., Shireman, E., Reneau, K. A., & Alexander, M. (2018). The 2018 national nursing workforce survey. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 9(3), S1-S88. Retrieved from www.journalofnursingregulation.com
  18. Tucker, C. M., Marsiske, M., Rice, K. G., Nielsen, J. J., & Herman, K. (2011). Patient-centered culturally sensitive health care: Model testing and refinement. Health Psychology, 30(3), 342-350.
  19. Tucker, C. M., Roncoroni, J., Wippold, G., Wall, W., & Marsiske, M. (2017). Validation of an inventory for providers to self-assess their engagement in patient-centered culturally sensitive health care. Journal of patient experience, 4(3), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373517706622
Risk for Infection/Infection Transmission
  1. Anderson, D. J., Kaye, K. S., Classen, D., Arias, K. M., Podgorny, K., & Burstin, H. (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 35, 605-627. https://doi.org/10.1086/591064
  2. Anderson, D. J., Podgorny, K., Berríos-Torres, S. I., Bratzler, D. W., Dellinger, E. P., Greene, L., . . . Kaye, K. S. (2014). Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 35(2), S66-S88.
  3. Anderson, D. J., & Sexton, D. J. (2021). Epidemiology of surgical site infection in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-surgical-site-infection-in-adults
  4. Armstrong, D. G., & Mayr, A. (2014). Wound healing and risk factors for non-healing. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/wound-healing-and-risk-factors-for-non-healing
  5. Ban, K. A., Minei, J., Laronga, C., Harbrecht, B. G., Jensen, E. H., Fry, D. E., . . . Duane, T. M. (2017). American College of Surgeons and Surgical Infection Society: Surgical site infection guidelines, 2016 update. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 224(1), 59-74.
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  8. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Transmission-based precautions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/basics/transmission-based-precautions.html
  9. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). 2019 National and state healthcare-associated infections progress report. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hai/data/portal/progress-report.html
  10. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). Wash your hands. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/handwashing/index.html
  11. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). HIV in the United States: At a glance. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ataglance.html
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. (2020). Underlying cause of death 1999-2019 on CDC WONDER online database, released in 2020. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999-2019, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Retrieved from http://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html
  13. Cohen, M. S., Hoffman, I. F., & Royce, R. A. (1997). Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: Implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Lancet, 349(9069), 1868-1873.
  14. Diaz, V., & Newman, J. (2015). Surgical site infection and prevention guidelines: A primer for certified registered nurse anesthetists. AANA Journal, 83(1), 63-68.
  15. Farran, S., & Zangeneh, T. (2016). Presentation of common infections in older adults. Elder Care. Retrieved from https://aging.arizona.edu/sites/aging/files/fact-sheet-pdfs/presentation_of_infections_.pdf
  16. Fekete, T. (2021). Catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/catheter-associated-urinary-tract-infection-in-adults
  17. *Gouin, J. P., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2010). The impact of psychological stress on wound healing: methods and mechanisms. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 31(1), 81-93.
  18. *Gould, C. V., Umscheid, C. A., & Agarwal, R. A. (2009). Guideline for prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infections. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/CAUTI/CAUTIguideline2009final.pdf
  19. Grant, R. M., Lama, J. R., Anderson, P. L., McMahan, V., Liu, A. Y., Vargas, L., . . . iPrEx Study Group. (2010). Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. iPrEx Study Group. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 2587-2599.
  20. *The Joanna Briggs Institute. (2007). Pre-operative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection best practice. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD004122. Retrieved from http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/ViewSourceFile.aspx?0=4347
  21. Johnson, D., Strader, D., & Zamora, A. (2017). Positive influence of a dedicated vascular access team in an acute care. Journal of the Association for Vascular Access, 22(1), 35-37.
  22. Kaufman, J., Temple-Smith, M., & Sanci, L. (2019). Urinary tract infections in children: An overview of diagnosis and management. BMJ Pediatrics Open, 3(1).
  23. Kwon, S., Thompson, R., & Dellinger, P. (2013). Importance of perioperative glycemic control in general surgery: A report from the surgical care and outcomes assessment program. Annals of Surgery, 257(1), 8-14.
  24. Lo, E., Nicolle, L. E., Coffin, S. E., Gould, C., Maragakis, L. L., Meddings, J., . . . Yokoe, D. S. (2014). Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 35(5), 464-479.
  25. Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., . . . Emerging Infections Program Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use Prevalence Survey Team. (2014). Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. The New England Journal of Medicine, 370(13), 1198-1208.
  26. Magill, S. S., O'Leary, E., Janelle, S. J., Thompson, D. L., Dumyati, G., Nadle, J., . . . Emerging Infections Program Hospital Prevalence Survey Team. (2018). Changes in prevalence of health care-associated infections in U.S. hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 1732-1744.
  27. Manian, F. A. (2015). The role of postoperative factors in surgical site infections: Time to take notice. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 59(9), 1272-1296.
  28. Mason, S. E., Kinross, J. M., Hendricks, J., & Arulampalam, T. H. (2017). Postoperative hypothermia and surgical site infection following peritoneal insufflation with warm, humidified carbon dioxide during laparoscopic colorectal surgery: A cohort study with cost-effectiveness analysis. Surgical Endoscopy, 31(4), 1923-1929.
  29. Mody, L. (2021). Approach to infection in the older adult. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-infection-in-the-older-adult?search=Evaluation%20of%20infection%20in%20older%20adult&source
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  31. Nicolle, L. E. (2014). Catheter associated urinary tract infections. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, 35(5), 464-479.
  32. Nicolle, L. E., Coffin, S. E., Gould, C., Maragakis, L., Meddings, J., Pegues, D. A., . . . Yokoe, D. (2014). Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals: 2014 update. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 35, 464-479.
  33. O'Grady, N. P., Alexander, M., & Burns, L. (2011). Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/bsi-guidelines-2011.pdf
  34. *Oman, K. S., Makic, M. B., Fink, R., Schraeder, N., Hulett, T., Keech, T., & Wald, H. (2011). Practice forum Nurse-directed interventions to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(6), 548-553.
  35. Owens, P. L., Barrett, M. L., Raetzman, S., Maggard-Gibbons, M., & Steiner, C. A. S. O. (2014). Surgical site infections following ambulatory surgery procedures. JAMA, 311(7), 709-716.
  36. Schaeffer, A. J. (2015). Placement and management of urinary bladder catheters. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/placement-and-management-of-urinary-bladder-catheters?source=see_link§ionName=Catheter+removal&anchor=H29#H29
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  38. Tanner, J., Norrie, P., & Melen, K. (2011). Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (11), CD004122. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004122.pub4
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Risk for Injury
  1. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Baby walkers: A dangerous choice. Retrieved from https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/Pages/Baby-Walkers-A-Dangerous-Choice.aspx
  2. Annweiler, C., Montero-Odasso, M., Schott, A. M., Berrut, G., Fantino, B., & Beauchet, O. (2010). Fall prevention and vitamin D in the elderly: An overview of the key role of the non-bone effects. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 7(1), 1.
  3. Beling, J., & Roller, M. (2009). Multifactorial intervention with balance training as a core component among fall-prone older adults. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 32(3), 125-133. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20128337
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Protect the ones you love: Child injuries are preventable. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/safechild/NAP/background.html
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a). Growing stronger: Strength training for older adults. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/growingstronger/
  6. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). Ten leading causes of death and injury. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/leading-causes-of-death.htm
  7. Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota. (2014). Making safe simple refer to. Retrieved from http://www.childrensmn.org/services/emergency-and-trauma/making-safe-simple/on-the-way
  8. *Gray-Miceli, D., Johnson, J., & Strumpf, N. E. (2005). A stepwise approach to a comprehensive post-fall assessment. Annals of Long-Term Care: Clinical Care and Aging, 13(12), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.7282/T3PG1TNZ
  9. Himes, C. L., & Reynolds, S. L. (2012). Effect of obesity on falls, injury, and disability. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(1), 124-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03767.x
  10. Jefferis, B. J., Iliffe, S., Kendrick, D., Kerse, N., Trost, S., Lennon, L. T., . . . Whincup, P. H. (2014). How are falls and fear of falling associated with objectively measured physical activity in a cohort of community-dwelling older men? BMC Geriatrics, 14, 114. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/14/114
  11. Kaufmann, H. (2020). Mechanisms, causes, and evaluation of orthostatic hypotension. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-causes-and-evaluation-of-orthostatic-hypotension
  12. Kaufmann, H., & Kaplan, N. M. (2015). Treatment of orthostatic and postprandial hypotension. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-orthostatic-and-postprandial-hypotension
  13. *Lancaster, A. D., Ayers, A., Belbot, B., Goldner, V., Kress, L., Stanton, D., . . . Sparkman, L. (2007). Preventing falls and eliminating injury in ascension health. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient safety, 33(7), 367-375.
  14. *Liu, C., & Latham, N. K. (2009). Progressive resistance strength training for improving physical function in older adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3), CD002759. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002759.pub2.
  15. Misra, A. (2014a). Common sports injuries: Incidence and average charges. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/SportsInjuries/ib_SportsInjuries.pdf
  16. Misra, A. (2014b). Department of Health and Human Services common sports injuries: Incidence and average charges. Retrieved from http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2014/SportsInjuries/ib_SportsInjuries.pdf
  17. National Safety Council. (2014). Injury and fatality statistics and trends. Retrieved from http://www.nsc.org/newsdocuments/2014-press-release-archive/3-25-2014-injury-facts-release.pdf
  18. Perlmuter, L. C., Sarda, G., Casavant, V., & Mosnaim, A. D. (2013). A review of the etiology, associated comorbidities, and treatment of orthostatic hypotension. American Journal of Therapeutics, 20(3), 279-291.
  19. Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The timed "Up & Go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142-148.
  20. *Riefkohl, E., Bieber, H., Burlingame, M., & Lowenthal, D. (2003). Medications and falls in the elderly: A review of the evidence and practical considerations. Pharmaceuticals and Therapeutics, 28(11), 724-733.
  21. *Schoenfelder, D. P. (2000). A fall prevention program for elderly individuals. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 26(3), 43-45.
  22. Sherrington, C., Tiedemann, A., Fairhall, N., Close, J., & Lord, S. (2011). Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: An updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 22(3/4), 78-83.
  23. Shields, B. J., & Smith, G. A. (2006). Success in the prevention of infant walker-related injuries: An analysis of national data, 1990-2001. Pediatrics, 117(3), e452-e459.
Risk for Aspiration
  1. Goldsmith, T., & Cohen, A. K. (2020). Swallowing disorders and aspiration in palliative care: Assessment and strategies for management. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/swallowing-disorders-and-aspiration-in-palliative-care-assessment-and-strategies-for-management.
Risk for Perioperative Positioning Injury
  1. Conner, R. L. (2006). Preventing intraoperative positioning injuries. Nursing Management, 37(7), 9-10. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcenter.com/journalarticle?Article_ID=655629
  2. *O'Connell, M. P. (2006). Positioning impact on the surgical patient. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 41(2), 173-192.
  3. Webster, K. (2012). Peripheral nerve injuries and positioning for general anesthesia. World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists. Retrieved from http://www.frca.co.uk/Documents/258%20Peripheral%20Nerve%20Injuries%20and%20Positioning%20for%20Anaesthesia.pdf
  4. Welch, M. B. (2020). Patient positioning for surgery and anesthesia in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/patient-positioning-for-surgery-and-anesthesia-in-adults
Risk for Aspiration
  1. American Association of Critical Care Nurses. (2019). Prevention of aspiration in adults. Retrieved from http://ccn.aacnjournals.org/content/37/3/88.short
Risk for Corneal Injury
  1. Kalhori, R. P., Ehsani, S., Daneshgar, F., Ashtarian, H., & Rezaei, M. (2015). Different nursing care methods for prevention of keratopathy among intensive care unit patients. Global Journal of Health Science, 8(7), 212-217.
  2. Morris, Amanda, Bonanno, Laura, & Bennett, Marsha. (2018, September). Effectiveness of corneal abrasion prevention interventions for adults undergoing general anesthesia for more than one hour: A systematic review protocol. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports, 16(9), 1785-1790.
Risk for Thermal Injury
  1. Ahrens, M., & Evarts, B. (2019). Fire loss in the United States during 2019. Retrieved from https://www.nfpa.org/~/media/fd0144a044c84fc5baf90c05c04890b7.ashx#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20local%20fire%20departments%2C%20including%20departments%20protecting%20towns%2C,billion%20in%20
  2. Welch, M. B. (2020). Patient positioning for surgery and anesthesia in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/patient-positioning-for-surgery-and-anesthesia-in-adults
Risk for Falls
  1. Schwenk, M., Jordan, E. D., & Honarvararaghi, B., Mohler, J., Armstrong, D. G., & Najafi, B. (2013). Effectiveness of foot and ankle exercise programs on reducing the risk of falling in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 103(6), 534-547.
Risk for Urinary Tract Injury
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/cauti/recommendations.html
Latex Allergy Response
  1. American Latex Allergy Association. (2017). Latex allergy. Retrieved from https://www.allergyhome.org/blogger/the-american-latex-allergy-association-and-latex-allergy/
  2. DeJong, N. W., Patiwael, J. A., de Groot, H., Burdorf, A., & Gerth van Wijk, R. (2011). Natural rubber latex allergy among health care workers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 119(6), 1561.
Sedentary Lifestyle
  1. Blanchet, S., Chikhi, S., & Maltais, D. (2018). The benefits of physical activities on cognitive and mental health in healthy and pathological aging. Bienfaits des activités physiques sur la santé cognitive et mentale dans le vieillissement normal et pathologique. Geriatrie et psychologie neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement, 16(2), 197-205.
  2. Donath, L., van Dieen, J., & Faude, O. (2016). Exercise-based fall prevention in the elderly: What about agility? Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 46(2), 143-149. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26395115.
  3. Guthold, R., Stevens, G. A., Riley, L. M., & Bull, F. C. (2018). Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1·9 million participants. Lancet Global Health, 6(10), e1077-E1086.
  4. Harvey, S. B., Øverland, S., Hatch, S. L., Wessely, S., Mykletun, A., & Hotopf, M. (2018). Exercise and the prevention of depression: Results of the HUNT cohort study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(1), 28-36.
  5. Kushi, L. H., Doyle, C., McCullough, M., Rock, C. L., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Bandera, E. V., . . . American Cancer Society 2010 Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2012). American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 62(1), 30-67.
  6. Li, F., Eckstrom, E., Harmer, P., Fitzgerald, K., Voit, J., & Cameron, K. A. (2016). Exercise and fall prevention: Narrowing the research‐to‐practice gap and enhancing integration of clinical and community practice. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 64(2), 425-431.
  7. Mandolesi, L., Polverino, A., Montuori, S., Foti, F., Ferraioli, G., Sorrentino, P., & Sorrentino G. (2018). Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: Biological and psychological benefits. Frontline Psychology, 9, 509.
  8. McMahon, S., & Fleury, J. (2012). Wellness in older adults: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 47(1), 39-51.
  9. Morey, M. (2020). Physical activity and exercise in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from//www.uptodate.com/contents/physical-activity-and-exercise-in-older-adults?search=benefits%20of%20exercise&source=search_result&selectedTitle=4~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=4
  10. National Institute on Aging/NIH Go 4 IT. (n.d.). Four types of exercise can improve your health and physical ability. Retrieved from https://go4life.nia.nih.gov/4-types-of-exercise/
  11. Peterson, G. M. (2020). The benefits and risks of aerobic exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-benefits-and-risks-of-aerobic-exercise?search=benefits%20of%20exercise&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  12. Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., . . . Olson, R. D. (2020). The Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. JAMA, 320(19), 2020-2028
  13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2018). Physical activity guidelines for Americans (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Risk for Loneliness
  1. Beller, J., & Wagner, A. (2018). Loneliness, social isolation, their synergistic interaction, and mortality. Health Psychology, 37(9), 808-813.
  2. *ElSadr, C. B., Noureddine, S., & Kelley, J. (2009). Concept analysis of loneliness with implications for nursing diagnosis. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications, 20(1), 25-33.
  3. Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218-227.
  4. Osborne, J. W. (2012). Psychological effects of the transition to retirement. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 46(1), 45-58.
  5. Singh, A., & Misra, N. (2009). Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 18(1), 51-55.
  6. Uchino, B. N. (2006). Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(4), 377-387.
  7. Wang, M., & Hesketh, B. (2012). Achieving well-being in retirement: Recommendations from 20 years'. Bowling Green, OH: Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Inc.
  8. Warnick, J. (1993). Listening with different ears: Counseling people over sixty. Fort Bragg, CA: QED Press.
Ineffective Lymphedema Self-Management
  1. Mehrara, R. (2019). Breast cancer-associated lymphedema. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/breast-cancer-associated-lymphedema
Impaired Memory
  1. Jackson, J. J., Hill, P. L., Payne, B. R., Roberts, B. W., & Stine-Morrow, E. A. (2012). Can an old dog learn (and want to experience) new tricks? Cognitive training increases openness to experience in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 27(2), 286-292. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3330146/
  2. Maier-Lorentz, M. M. (2000). Effective nursing interventions for the management of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 32(3), 153-157.
Impaired Physical Mobility
  1. *Addams, S., & Clough, J. A. (2003). Modalities for mobilization. In A. B. Maher, S. Salmond, & T. Pellino (Eds.), Orthopedic nursing. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.
  2. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. (2014). AACN early progressive mobility protocol. Retrieved from http://www.aacn.org/wd/practice/docs/tool%20kits/early-progressive-mobilityprotocol.pdf
  3. Gillis, A., MacDonald, B., & MacIssac, A. (2008). Nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and confidence regarding preventing and treating deconditioning in older adults. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39(12), 547-554.
  4. *Halstead, J. A., & Stoten, S. (2010). Orthopedic nursing: Caring for patients with musculoskeletal disorders. Bridgewater: Western Schools.
  5. Hopkins, R. O., & Spuhler, V. J. (2009). Strategies for promoting early activity in critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 20(3), 277-289.
  6. King, L. (2012). Developing a progressive mobility activity protocol. Orthopaedic Nursing 31(5), 253-262.
  7. *Timmerman, R. (2007). A mobility protocol for critically ill adults. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 26(5), 175-179. Retrieved from http://www0.sun.ac.za/Physiotherapy_ICU_algorithm/Documentation/Rehabilitation/References/Timmerman_2007.pdf
  8. Vollman, K. (2012). Hemodynamic instability: Is really a barrier to turning critically ill patients? Critical Care Nurse, 32(1), 70-75.
  9. Zomorodi, M., Topley, D., & McAnaw, M. (2012). Developing a mobility protocol for early mobilization of patients in a surgical/trauma ICU. Critical Care Research and Practice, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/964547
Moral Distress/Risk for Moral Distress
  1. American Association of Critical Care Nurses from AACN Ethics Work Group. (2017). The 4 A's to rise above moral distress. Aliso Viejo, CA: Author.
  2. American Nurses Association. (2010). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Silver Springs, MD: Author.
  3. Barnsteiner, J., Disch, J., & Walton, M. K. (Eds). (2014). Person and family centered care. Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International.
  4. *Callister, L., Beckstrand, R., & Kirchhoff, K. (2006). Providing a "Good Death": Critical care nurses' suggestions for improving end-of-life care. American Journal of Critical Care, 15, 38. https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2006.15.1.38
  5. *Caswell, D., & Cryer, H. G. (1995). Case study: When the nurse and physician don't agree. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 9, 30-42.
  6. *Coverston, C. R., & Lassetter, J. (2010). Potential erosion of ethical sentiments: When nurse, patient, and institution collide. Forum on Public Policy Online, 9(3).
  7. Edmonson, C. (2015). Strengthening moral courage among nurse leaders. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(2). Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-20-2015/No2-May-2015/Articles-Previous-Topics/Strengthening-Moral-Courage.html
  8. *Elpern, E., Covert, B., & Kleinpell, R. (2005). Moral distress of staff nurses in a medical intensive care unit. American Journal of Critical Care, 14(6), 523-530.
  9. Gallup. (2020). Honesty/ethics in professions. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/1654/honesty-ethics-professions.aspx
  10. *Gutierrez, K. M. (2005). Critical care nurses' perceptions of and responses to moral distress. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 24(5), 229-241.
  11. *Hamric, A. B. (2000). Moral distress in everyday ethics. Nursing Outlook, 48(5), 199-201.
  12. *Jameton, A. (1984). Nursing practice: The ethical issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  13. Kupperschmidt, B., Kientz, E., Ward, J., & Reinholz, B. (2010). A healthy work environment: It begins with you. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN.Vol15No01Man03
  14. Lachman, V. D. (2010). Strategies necessary for moral courage. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15, 3. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/Courage-and-Distress/Strategies-and-Moral-Courage.html
  15. LaSala, C. A., & Bjarnason, D. (2010). Creating workplace environments that support moral courage. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 15(3), 1-11.
  16. Lusardi, P., Jodka, P., Stambovsky, M., Stadnicki, B., Babb, B., Plouffe, D., . . . Montonye, M. (2011). The going home initiative: Getting critical care patients home with hospice. Critical Care Nurse, 31(5), 46-57.
  17. Molinaro, M. L. (2017). Moral distress in health care professionals. University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, 86, 2.
  18. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2007). Plato's ethics: An overview. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics/
  19. *Tiedje, L. B. (2000). Moral distress in perinatal nursing. Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 14(2), 36-43.
  20. *Zuzelo, P. R. (2007). Exploring the moral distress of registered nurses. Nursing Ethics, 14(3), 344-359.
Self-Neglect
  1. Gibbons, S., Lauder, W., & Ludwick, R. (2006). Self-neglect: A proposed new NANDA diagnosis. International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications, 17(4).
Unilateral Neglect
  1. Chan, D., & Man, D. (2013). Unilateral neglect in stroke: A combibliomixedtive study. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 29(2), 126-134.
  2. Priftis, K., Passarini, L., Pilosio, C., Meneghello, F., & Pitteri, M. (2013). Visual scanning training, limb activation treatment, and prism adaptation for rehabilitating left neglect: Who is the Winner? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 360. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00360
  3. Riestra, A. R., & Barrett, A. M. (2013). Rehabilitation of spatial neglect. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 110, 347-355.
  4. Yang, N. Y., Zhou, D., Li, R., Tsang, C., & Fong, K. (2013). Rehabilitation interventions for unilateral neglect after stroke: A systematic review from 1997 through 2012. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 187.
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements
  1. Akseer, N., Al-Gasham, S., Mehta, S., Mokdad, A., & Bhutts, Z. (2017). Global and regional trends in the nutritional status of you people: A critical and neglected age groups. Annuals of the New York academy of Sciences, 1393(1). https:doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13336
  2. American Association for Clinical Chemistry. (2013). Malnutrition. Lab Tests Online. Retrieved from https://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/malnutrition/start/2/
  3. *Bowman, S. A., Gortmaker, S. L., Ebbeling, C. B., Pereira, M. A., & Ludwig, D. S. (2004). Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics, 113(1), 112-118.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Prevalence of obesity among adults and adolescents 2015-2016 (NICHS Brief No. 288). Retrieved from www.cdc.go
  5. Coleman-Jensen, A., & Singh, A. (2013). Household food security in the United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service.
  6. Demory-Luce, D., & Moti, K. (2020). Fast food for children and adolescents. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/fast-food-for-children-and-adolescents
  7. *Gröber, U., & Kisters, K. (2007). Influence of drugs on vitamin D and calcium metabolism. Dermato-Endocrinology, 4(2), 158-166.
  8. Hunter, J. H., & Cason, K. L. (2006). Nutrient density. Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved from http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/food/nutrition/nutrition/dietary_guide/hgic40
Impaired Swallowing
  1. Chang, C. Y., Cheng, T. J., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Lu, T. H., & Kawachi, I. (2013). Reporting of aspiration pneumonia or choking as a cause of death in patients who died with stroke. Stroke, 44, 1182-1185.
  2. Cunningham, S., & Huhmann, B. (2005). Importance of nutritional screening in treatment of cancer-related weight loss. The Lancet Oncology, 6(5), 334-343.
  3. Fass, R. (2021). Overview of dysphagia in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-dysphagia-in-adults
  4. *Hammond, C. A., Goldstein, L. B., Horner, R. D., Ying, J., Gray, L., Gonzalez-Rothi, L., & Bolser, D. C. (2009). Predicting aspiration in patients with ischemic stroke: Comparison of clinical signs and aerodynamic measures of voluntary cough. Chest, 135(3), 769-777.
  5. Humbert, I. A., & Robbins, J. (2007). Normal swallowing and functional magnetic resonance imaging: A systematic review. Dysphagia, 22(3), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-007-9080-9
  6. Lembo, A. (2020). Oropharyngeal dysphagia: Etiology and pathogenesis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/oropharyngeal-dysphagia-etiology-and-pathogenesis
  7. Sura, L., Madhavan, A., Carnaby, G., & Crary, M. A. (2012). Dysphagia in the elderly: Management and nutritional considerations. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 287-298.
  8. Tanner, D., & Culbertson, W. (2014, April 23). Avoiding negative dysphagia outcomes. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19(2). Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-19-2014/No2-May-2014/Articles-Previous-Topics/Avoiding-Negative-Dysphagia-Outcomes.htm
  9. *Tisdale, M. (2006). Clinical anticachexia treatments. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 21(2), 168-174.
  10. Triggs, J., & Pandolfino, J. (2019). Recent advances in dysphagia management. F1000Research, 8(F1000 Faculty Rev), 1527. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18900.1
  11. Wright, D., Chapman, N., Foundling-Miah, M., Greenwall, R., Griffith, R., Guyon, A., & Merriman, H. (2006). Consensus guideline on the medication management of adults with swallowing difficulties. Berkhamsted: MGP Ltd.
Obesity/Overweight/Risk for Overweight
  1. *Barner, C. W., Wylie-Rosett, J., & Gans, K. M. (2001). WAVE: A pocket guide for a brief nutrition dialogue in primary care. Diabetes Educator, 27, 252-262.
  2. Byme, T. K. (2001). Complications of surgery for obesity. Surgical Clinics of North America, 81(5), 1181-1193.
  3. *Gans, K. M., Ross, E., Barner, C. W., Wylie-Rosett, J., McMurray, J., & Charles Eaton, C. (2003). REAP and WAVE: New tools to rapidly assess/discuss nutrition with patients. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(2), 556S-562S.
  4. Harsha, G. A., & Bray, G. A. (2008). Controversies in hypertension weight loss and blood pressure control (Pro). Hypertension, 51, 1420-1425.
  5. Hibbard, J. H., & Cunningham, P. J. (2008). How engaged are consumers in their health and health care, and why does it matter? Findings from HSC No. 8: Providing insights that contribute to better health policy. Washington, DC: HSC.
  6. *Hunter, J. H., & Cason, K. L. (2006). Nutrient density. Clemson University Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved from www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/food/nutrition/nutrition/dietary_guide/hgic4062.html
  7. Institute of Medicine. (2009). Weight gain during pregnancy: Reexamining the guidelines. Retrieved from www.nap.edu
  8. King, W. C., Hinerman, A. S., Belle, S. H., Wahed, A. S., & Courcoulas, A. P. (2018). Comparison of the performance of common measures of weight regain after bariatric surgery for association with clinical outcomes. JAMA, 320(15), 1560-1569. Retrieved from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-10-amount-weight-regain-bariatric-surgery.html
  9. *Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence. Therapeutic Clinical Risk Management, 1(3), 189-199.
  10. Pelzang, R. (2010). Time to learn: Understanding patient-centered care. British Journal of Nursing, 19(14), 912-917.
  11. *Reedy, J., & Krebs-Smith, S. M. (2010). Dietary sources of energy, solid fats, and added sugars among children and adolescents in the United States. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110, 1477-1484. Retrieved from www.nccor.org/downloads/jada2010.pdf
Post Trauma Syndrome/Rape Trauma Syndrome
  1. *Acierno, R., Hernandez, M. A., Amstadter, A. B., Resnick, H. S., Steve, K., Muzzy, W., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of emotional, physical, sexual, and financial abuse and potential neglect in the United States: The National Elder Mistreatment Study. American Journal of Public Health, 100(2), 292-297. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.163089
  2. *Adams, K., & Fay, Jennifer. (1989). Free of the shadows: Recovering from sexual violence. Rapid City, SD: New Harbor Publications.
  3. Bates, C. (2021). Evaluation and management of adult and adolescent sexual assault victims. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-and-management-of-adult-and-adolescent-sexual-assault-victims?search=sexual%
  4. *Burgess, A. W. (1995). Rape-trauma syndrome: A nursing diagnosis. Occupational Health Nursing, 33(8), 405-410.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines. Recommendations and Reports, 70(4), 1-187. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/rr/rr7004a1.htm
  6. Ciechanowski, P. (2014). Refer to reference Sareen, J. (2021). Posttraumatic stress disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/posttraumatic-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathophysiology-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis
  7. Department of Justice. (2019). Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey.
Ineffective Parenting
  1. *Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602-614.
  2. Ball, J., Bindler, R., Shaw, M., & Rose, M. (2017). Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children (7th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson
  3. Durham, R., & Chapman, L. (2019). Maternal-newborn nursing: The critical components of nursing care (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
  4. Gephart, S. M., & McGrath, J. M. (2012). Family-centered care of the surgical neonate. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 12(1), 5-7.
  5. Keller, H. (2018). Universality claim of attachment theory: Children's socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11414-11419. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17,20325115
  6. Kyle, T., & Carman, S. (2013). Essentials of pediatric nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  7. Leahey, M., & Wright, L. M. (2016). Application of the Calgary family assessment and intervention models: Reflections on the reciprocity between the personal and the professional. Journal of Family Nursing, 22(4), 450-459.
  8. Nielsen, M., Haun, D., Kärtner, J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 31-38.
  9. Shajani, Z., & Snell, D. (2019). Wright & Leahey's nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
Risk for Impaired Parent-Infant Attachment
  1. *Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602-614.
  2. Ball, J., Bindler, R., Shaw, M., & Rose, M. (2017). Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children (7th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
  3. Durham, R., & Chapman, L. (2019). Maternal-newborn nursing: The critical components of nursing care (3rd ed.) Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
  4. Gephart, S. M., & McGrath, J. M. (2012). Family-Centered Care of the Surgical Neonate
  5. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 12(1), 5-7.
  6. Keller, H. (2018). Universality claim of attachment theory: Children's socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11414-11419. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17,20325115
  7. Nielsen, M., Haun, D., Kärtner, J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 31-38.
Parenteral Role Conflict
  1. Albaek, A. U., Binder, P., & Milde, A. M. (2019a). Entering an emotional minefield: Professionals' experiences with facilitators to address abuse in child interviews. BMC Health Services Research, 19, 302. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4128-8
  2. Albaek, A. U., Binder, P. E., & Milde, A. M. (2019b). Plunging into a dark sea of emotions: Professionals' emotional experiences addressing child abuse in interviews with children. Qualitative Health Research, 30(8), 1212-1224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732318825145.
  3. Brent, N. J. (2000). Nurses and the law: A guide to principles and application (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Violence prevention: Preventing child abuse & neglect. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/fastfact.html
  5. Christ, C., de Waal, M. M., Dekker, J. J. M., van Kuijk, I., van Schaik, D. J. F., Kikkert, M. J., . . . Moore, T. L. (2019). Linking childhood emotional abuse and depressive symptoms: The role of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems. PLoS One, 14(2), e0211882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211882
  6. *Feldhaus, K. M., Koziol-McLain, J., Amsbury, H. L., Norton, I. M., Lowenstein, S. R., & Abbott, J. T. (1997). Accuracy of 3 brief screening questions for detecting partner violence in the emergency department. JAMA, 277(17), 1357-1361.
  7. Jindai, K., Nielson, C. M., Vorder Strasse, B. A., & Quinones, A. R. (2016). Multimorbidity and functional limitations among adults 65 or older, NHANES 2005-2012. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, E151. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160174
  8. *Karageorge, K., & Randall, R. (2008). The role of professional child care providers in preventing and responding to child abuse. Washington, DC: Office on Child Abuse and Neglect, Children's Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/childcare.pdf
  9. Martínez-Montilla, J., Amador-Marín, B., & Guerra-Martín, M. D. (2017). Family coping strategies and impacts on family health: A literature review. Enfermeria Global, 47, 592-604.
  10. Mental Health.com. (2019). Recovery is possible. Retrieved from https://www.mentalhealth.gov/basics/recovery-possible
  11. Messecar, D. C. (2016). Family caregiver interventions. In M. Kluger (Eds.), Geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (5th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
  12. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. (2018). Alcohol use disorder in past year among persons aged 12 -or older, by age group and demographic characteristics: Numbers in thousands, 2017 and 2018. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2018R2/NSDUHDetTabsSect5pe2018.htm#tab5-4a
  13. Ornstein, A. E. (2013). An approach to child maltreatment documentation and participation in the court system. Paediatrics & Child Health, 18(8), e44-e47.
  14. *Riggs, S. A. (2010). Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: What theory and research tell us. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(1), 5-51.
  15. Sprague, S. A. (2012). Intimate partner violence in orthopaedic trauma patients. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(5), 881-898.
  16. World health Organization. (2020). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Ineffective Parenting/Risk for Impaired Attachment/Parenteral Role Conflict
  1. *Arnett, J. J. (2008). The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. American Psychologist, 63, 602-614.
  2. Ball, J., Bindler, R., Shaw, M., & Rose, M. (2017). Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children (7th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
  3. Durham, R., & Chapman, L. (2019). Maternal-newborn nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
  4. Gephart, S. M., & McGrath, J. M. (2012). Family-centered care of the surgical neonate. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews, 12(1), 5-7.
  5. *Keller, H. (2008). Universality claim of attachment theory: Children's socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11414-11419. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17,20325115
  6. Kyle, T., & Carman, S. (2013). Essentials of pediatric nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  7. Leahey, M., & Wright, L. M. (2016). Application of the Calgary family assessment and intervention models: Reflections on the reciprocity between the personal and the professional. Journal of Family Nursing, 22(4), 450-459.
  8. Nielsen, M., Haun, D., Kärtner, J., & Legare, C. H. (2017). The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 31-38.
  9. Shajani, Z., & Snell, D. (2019). Wright & Leahey's nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis.
Powerlessness & Risk for Powerlessness
  1. Abad-Corpa, E., Gonzalez-Gil, T., Martínez-Hernández, A., Barderas-Manchado, A. M., De la Cuesta-Benjumea, C., Monistrol-Ruano, O., . . . RETICEF-evidencia Group. (2012). Caring to achieve the maximum independence possible: A synthesis of qualitative evidence on older adults' adaptation to dependency. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(21/22), 3153-3169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04207
  2. Haugan, G., Innstrand, S. T., & Moksnes, U. K. (2013). The effect of nurse-patient interaction on anxiety and depression in cognitively intact nursing home patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(15/16), 2192-2205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12072
  3. Meeker, M. A., Waldrop, D. P., Schneider, J., & Case, A. A. (2013). Contending with advanced illness: Patient and caregiver perspectives. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management, 47(5), 887-895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.009
  4. *Orzeck, T., Rokach, A., & Chin, J. (2010). The effects of traumatic and abusive relationships. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 15(3), 167-192. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020903375792
  5. *Stang, I., & Mittelmark, M. B. (2008). Learning as an empowerment process in breast cancer self-help groups. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(14), 2049-2057.
  6. *Stephenson, C. A. (1979). Powerless and chronic illness: Implications for nursing. Baylor Nursing Education, 1(1), 17-23.
Ineffective Protection/Risk for Dry Mouth/Adult Pressure Injury/Risk for Adult Pressure Injury/Child Pressure Injury/Risk for Child Pressure Injury
  1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2016). 2015 National healthcare quality and disparities report and 5th anniversary update on the national quality strategy (AHRQ Publication No. 16-0015). Rockville, MD: Author. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/research/findings/nhqrdr/nhqdr15/2015nhqdr.pdf
  2. American Dental Association. (2019). brushing and beyond: Key oral health tips for anyone with a smile. Retrieved from https://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/oral-health-recommendations
  3. Azfar, M. F., Khan, M. F., & Alzeer, A. H. (2013). Protocolized eye care prevents corneal complications in ventilated patients in a medical intensive care unit. Saudi Journal of Anesthesiology, 7, 33-36.
  4. Baer, A. J., & Sankar, V. (2020). Treatment of dry mouth and other non-ocular sicca symptoms in Sjögren's syndrome. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-dry-mouth-and-other-non-ocular-sicca-symptoms-in-sjogrens-syndrome
  5. *Bergstrom, N., Allman, R., Alvarez, O., Bennett, M. A., Carlson, C. E., Frantz, R. A., . . . Yarkony, G. M. (1994). Treatment of pressure ulcers: Clinical practice guideline No. 15 (AHCPR Publication No. 95-0652). Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
  6. Berlowitz, D. (2020). Prevention of pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-pressure-induced-skin-and-soft-tissue-injury
  7. Boyko, T. V., Longaker, M. T., & Yang, G. P. (2018). Review of the current management of pressure ulcers. Advances in Wound Care, 7(2), 57-67. https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0697
  8. Bryce, A. (2020). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/recurrent-aphthous-stomatitis
  9. Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services. (2020). Cross-setting pressure ulcer measurement & quality improvement. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/Post-Acute-Care-Quality-Initiatives/Cross-Setting-Pressure-Ulcer-Measurement-and-Quality-Improvement
  10. Coleman, S., Gorecki, M. C., Nelson, E. A., Closs, S. J., Defloor, T., Halfens, R., . . . Nixon, J. (2013). Patient risk factors for pressure ulcer development: Systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(7), 974-1003.
  11. Choi, E. P., Chin, W. Y., Wan, E. Y., & Lam, C. L. (2016). Evaluation of the internal and external responsiveness of the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) tool for assessing acute and chronic wounds. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(5), 1134-1143.
  12. Edsberg, L. E., Langemo, D., Baharestani, M. M., Posthauer, M. E., & Goldberg, M. (2014). Unavoidable pressure injury: State of the science and consensus outcomes. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 41(4), 313-334.
  13. European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. (2019). In E. Haesler (Ed.), Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries: Clinical practice guideline. The international guideline. EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA. Retrieved from npiap.com, epuap.org, or PPPIA.org
  14. Freundlich, K. (2017). Pressure injuries in medically complex children: A review. Children (Basel), 4(4), 25.
  15. Furness, S., Worthington, H. V., Bryan, G., Birchenough, S., & McMillan, R. (2011). Interventions for the management of dry mouth: Topical therapies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD008934.
  16. Hua, F., Xie, H., Worthington, H. V., Furness, S., Zhang, Q., & Li, C. (2016). Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016(10), CD008367. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008367.pub3.
  17. Kalhori, R. P., Ehsani, S., Daneshgar, F., Ashtarian, H., & Rezaei, M. (2015). Different nursing care methods for prevention of keratopathy among intensive care unit patients. Global Journal of Health Science, 15(2), R111. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc10135
  18. Kottner, J., Cuddigan, J., Carville, K., Balzer, K., Berlowitz, D., Law, S., . . . Haesler, E. (2019). Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers/injuries: The protocol for the second update of the International Clinical Practice Guideline 2019. Journal of Tissue Viability, 28(2), 51-58.
  19. *Maklebust, J., & Sieggreen, M. (1996). Attacking on all fronts. How to conquer pressure ulcers. Nursing, 26(12), 34-39.
  20. *Maklebust, J., & Sieggreen, M. (2005). Pressure ulcers: Guidelines for prevention and nursing management (3rd ed.). Springhouse, PA: Springhouse.
  21. Munro, C. L., & Grap, M. J. (2004). Oral health and care in the intensive care unit: State of the science. American Journal of Critical Care, 13(1):25-33.
  22. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. (2016). Announces a change in terminology from pressure ulcer to pressure injury and updates the stages of pressure injury. Retrieved from https://www.woundsource.com/blog/national-pressure-ulcer-advisory-panel-npuap-announces-change-in-terminology-pressure-ulcer
  23. Saghaleini, S. H., Dehghan, K., Shadvar, K., Sanaie, S., Mahmoodpoor, A., & Ostadi, Z. (2018). Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 22(4), 283-289.
  24. Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society-Wound Guidelines Task Force. (2017). WOCN 2016 guideline for prevention and management of pressure injuries: An executive summary. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing, 44(3), 241-246.
  25. Zulkowski, K. (2013). Wound classification. Agency for Healthcare and Quality Webinar. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/professionals/systems/hospital/pressure_ulcer_prevention/webinars/webinar6_pu_woundassesst.pdf
Risk for Corneal Injury, Risk for Dry Eye
  1. Al Hamad, A., Lodi, G., Porter, S., Fedele, S., & Mercadante, V. (2019). Interventions for dry mouth and hyposalivation in Sjögren's syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Disease, 25(4), 1027-1047.
  2. Baer, A., & Sankar, V. (2020). Treatment of dry mouth and other non-ocular sicca symptoms in Sjögren's syndrome. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-dry-mouth-and-other-non-ocular-sicca-symptoms-in-sjogrens-syndrome
  3. Baranoski, S., & Ayello, E. A. (2008). Wound care essentials: Practice principles (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  4. Douglas, L., & Berry, S. (2011). Developing clinical guidelines in eye care for intensive care units. Nursing Children and Young People. 23(5), 14-20. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.7748/ncyp2011.06.23.5.14.c8539
  5. *Furness, S., Worthington, H., Bryan, G., Birchenough, S., & Mcmilan, R. (2011). Interventions for the management of dry mouth: Topical therapies. Cochrane Library. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2/abstract
  6. Mayo Clinic. (2017). Keratitis. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/keratitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374110
  7. Mayo Clinic. (2020). Dry eyes. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863
  8. *Mercieca, F., Suresh, P., Morton, A., & Tullo, A. (1999). Ocular surface disease in intensive care unit patients. Eye, 13, 231-236.
  9. *Yanoff, M., & Duker, J. (2018). Ophthalmology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Elsevier.
Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Integrity/Risk for Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Integrity
  1. American Dental Association. (2014). Learn more about flossing and interdental cleaners. Retrieved from http://www.ada.org/en/science-research/ada-seal-of-acceptance/product-category-information/floss-and-other-interdental-cleaners
  2. Baer, A., & Sankar, A. (2020). Treatment of dry mouth and other non-ocular sicca symptoms in Sjögren's syndrome. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-dry-mouth-and-other-non-ocular-sicca-symptoms-in-sjogrens-syndrome
  3. Berry, A. M., Davidson, P. M., Masters, J., & Rolls, K. (2007). Systematic literature review of oral hygiene practices for intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation. American Journal of Critical Care, 16, 552-562.
  4. Gupta, A., Gupta, A., Singh, T. K., & Saxsena, A. (2016). Role of oral care to prevent VAP in mechanically ventilated Intensive Care Unit patients. Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia, 10(1), 95-97. https://doi.org/10.4103/1658-354X.169484
  5. Mercadante, V., Al Hamad, A., Lodi, G., Porter, S., & Fedele, S. (2017). Interventions for the management of radiotherapy-induced xerostomia and hyposalivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncology, 66, 74.
  6. Munro, C. L., Grap, M. J., Jones, D. J., McClish, D. K., & Sessler, C. N. (2009). Chlorhexidine, toothbrushing, and preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill adults. American Journal of Critical Care, 18, 428-437.
  7. National Cancer Institute. (2014). Oral complications of chemotherapy and head/neck radiation. Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/oralcomplications/HealthProfessional/page5
  8. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. (2008). Oral mucositis is often underrecognized and undertreated. Retrieved from www.nccn.org/professionals/meetings/13thannual/highlights
  9. Needleman, I., Hyun-Ryu, J., Brealey, D., Sachdev, M., Moskal-Fitzpatrick, D., Bercades, G., . . . Singer, M. (2012). The impact of hospitalization on dental plaque accumulation: An observational study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 39, 1011-1016.
  10. Niël-Weise, B. S., Gastmeier, P., Kola, A., Vonberg, R. P., Wille, J. C., van den Broek, P. J., & Bed Head Elevation Study Group. (2011). Evidence-based recommendation on bed head elevation for mechanically ventilated patients. Science, 8(7), 212-217. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v8n7p212
  11. *Oncology Nursing Society. (2007). Mucositis: What interventions are effective for managing oral mucositis in people receiving treatment for cancer, ONS PEP Cards. Pittsburgh, PA: Author.
  12. Quinn, B., Baker, D. L., Cohen, S., Stewart, J. L., Lima, C. A., & Parise, C. (2014). Basic nursing care to prevent nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(1), 11-17.
  13. Salamone, K., Yacoub, E., Mahoney, A. M., & Edward, K. L. (2013). Oral care of hospitalized older patients in the acute medical setting. Nursing Research and Practice, 2013, 827670. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/827670
  14. Shi, Z., Xie, H., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., Chen, E., . . . Furness, S. (2013). Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, (8), CD008367. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008367.pub2
  15. Zhao, T., Wu, X., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Worthington, H. V., & Hua, F. (2020). Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD008367. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008367.pub4/full
Relocation Stress Syndrome
  1. Benfer, E., Robinson, D. B., Butler, S., Edmonds, L., McKay, L., Neumann, Z., . . . Steinkamp, N. (2020). The COVID-19 eviction crisis: An estimated 30-40 million people in America are at risk. Retrieved from https://www.aspeninstitute.org/blog-posts/the-covid-19-eviction-crisis-an-estimated-30-40-million-people-in-america-are-at-risk/
  2. *Buhs, E. S., Ladd, G. W., & Herald, S. L. (2006). Peer exclusion victimization: Processes that mediate the relation between peer group rejection and children's classroom engagement and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.1
  3. Christie, L. (2014). Foreclosures hit six-year low in 2013. CNN Money. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2014/01/16/real_estate/foreclosure-crisis
  4. Fitzpatrick, J., & Tzouvara, V. (2019). Facilitators and inhibitors of transition for older people who have relocated to a long term care facility: A systematic review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(3), e57-e81.
  5. Johnson, R. A., & Bibbo, J. (2014). Relocation decisions and constructing the meaning of home: A phenomenological study of the transition into a nursing home. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 56-63.
  6. *Meleis, A. I. (2010). Transitions theory: Middle-range and situation-specific theories in nursing research and practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
Risk for Ineffective Respiratory Function/Ineffective Airway Clearance/Ineffective Breathing Pattern
  1. Blot, Stijn. (2019). Chlorhexidine and oral care. The American Journal of Nursing, 119(6), 13.
  2. *Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., . . . Bauman, A., American College of Sports Medicine, & American Heart Association. (2020). Physical activity and public health: Updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081-1093.
  3. *Huckabay, L., & Daderian, A. (1989). Effect of choices on breathing exercises post open heart surgery. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 9, 190-201.
  4. Klompas, M. (2021). Risk factors and prevention of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from ttps://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-and-prevention-of-hospital-acquired-and-ventilator-associated-pneumonia-in-adults?
  5. *Magnan, M. A. (1987). Activity intolerance: Toward a nursing theory of activity. Paper presented at the fifth annual symposium of the Michigan Nursing Diagnosis Association, Detroit.
  6. Meleis, A. I. (2010). Transitions theory: Middle-range and situation-specific theories in nursing research and practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  7. *Nance-Floyd, B. (2011). Tracheostomy care: An evidence-based guide to suctioning & dressing changes. American Nurse Today, 6(7), 14-16.
  8. Pignataro, R. (2018). Transformative dialogues: The use of motivational interviewing in physical therapy. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved from http://www.apta.org/Blogs/PTTransforms/2018/7/12/TransformativeDialogues/
  9. Price, R., MacLennan, G., & Glen, J. (2014). SuDDICU collaboration. Selective digestive or oropharyngeal decontamination and topical oropharyngeal chlorhexidine for prevention of death in general intensive care: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ, 348, g2197.
  10. Schwartzstein, R., Richards, J., Edlow, J., & Roy-Byrne, P. (2021). Hyperventilation syndrome in adults. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hyperventilation-syndrome-in-adults
  11. Sharma, A., Barrett, M. S., Cucchiara, A. J., Gooneratne, N. S., & Thase, M. E. (2017). A breathing-based meditation intervention for patients with major depressive disorder following inadequate response to antidepressants: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 78(1), e59-e63.
  12. Timsit, J. F., Esaied, W., Neuville, M., Bouadma, L., & Mourvllier, B. (2017). Update on ventilator-associated pneumonia. F1000Research, 6, 2061.
  13. WebMD. (2020). Hyperventilation. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/lung/lung-hyperventilation-what-to-do#1-4
  14. Wilkins, S., & Fitzgerald, B. M. (2019). Surgical airway suctioning. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448077/
Self Care Deficit Syndrome/Bathing Self-Care Deficit/Dressing Self-Care Deficit/Feeding Self-Care Deficit/Instrumental Self-Care Deficit
  1. *Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179-186.
  2. Pignataro, R., & Huddleston, J. (2018). Transformative dialogues: The use of motivational interviewing in physical therapy education and practice: Empowering patients through effective self-management. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 29(2), 62-71.
  3. Vellone, E., Biagioli, V., Durante, A., Buck, H. G., Iovino, P., Tomietto, M., . . . Petruzzo, A. (2020). The influence of caregiver preparedness on caregiver contributions to self-care in heart failure and the mediating role of caregiver confidence. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 35(3), 243-252.
Disturbed Self-Concept/Disturbed Body Image/Chronic Low Self-Esteem/Risk for Chronic Low Self-Esteem/Situational Low Self-Esteem
  1. American Foundation of Suicide Prevention. (2021). Suicide statistics. Retrieved from https://www.datocms-assets.com/12810/1615230382-14155afspnationalfactsheet2021m1.pdf
  2. *Atherton, R., & Robertson, N. (2006). Psychological adjustment to lower limb amputation amongst prosthesis users. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(9), 1201-1209.
  3. Candela, F., Zucchetti, G., Magistro, D., Ortega, E., & Rabaglietti, E. (2014). Real and perceived physical functioning in Italian elderly population: Associations with BADL and IADL. Advances in Aging Research, 3(5), 349.
  4. Froggart, T., & Liersch-Sumkis, S. (2014). Assessment of mental health and mental illness. In N. Proctor, H. Hamer, D. McGarry, R. I. Wilson, & T. Froggat (Eds.), Mental health: A person-centered approach. Sydney: Cambridge.
  5. Holzer, L. A., Sevelda, F., Fraberger, G., Bluder, O., Kickinger, W., & Holzer, G. (2014). Body image and self-esteem in lower-limb amputees. PLoS One, 9(3), e92943. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3963966/
  6. Martin, B. (2013). Challenging negative self-talk. Psych Central. Retrieved from psychcentral.com/lib/challenging-negative-self-talk/
  7. *McCormack, J. (2007). Recover and strengths based practice. In Scottish Recovery Network (ed.), SRN discussion series (Report no. 6). Glasgow: Glasgow Association for Mental Health.
  8. *Mohr, D. C., Spring, B., Freedland, K. E., Beckner, V., Arean, P., Hollon, S. D., . . . Kaplan, R. (2009). The selection and design of control conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(5), 275-284.
  9. Mulla, N. M. (2010). Healthy personalities. Homeopathic Journal, 3(12). Retrieved from www.homeorizon.com/homeopathic-articles/healthy-living/healthy-personalities
  10. *Murray, M. F. (2000). Coping with change: Self-talk. Hospital Practice, 31(5), 118-120.
Risk for Self-Harm/Self-Mutilation/Risk for Self-Mutilation/Risk for Suicidal Behavior
  1. American Foundation of Suicide Prevention. (2021). Suicide statistics. Retrieved from https://www.datocms-assets.com/12810/1615230382-14155afspnationalfactsheet2021m1.pdf
  2. *Association for Suicide Prevention. (2007). Working with the client who is suicidal: A tool for adult mental health and addiction services. Retrieved from https://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2007/MHA_WorkingWithSuicidalClient.pdf
  3. Burton, C. M., Marshal, M. P., Chisolm, D. J., Sucato, G. S., & Friedman, M. S. (2013). Sexual minority-related victimization as a mediator of mental health disparities in sexual minority youth: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 394.
  4. *Carscadden, J. S. (1997). Beyond the cutting edge: A survival kit for families of self-injurers. London, Ontario: London Psychiatric Hospital.
  5. *Carscadden, J. S. (1998). Premise for practice (relationship management team). London, Ontario: London Psychiatric Hospital.
  6. Chisholm, D., Rehm, J., Van Ommeren, M., & Monteiro, M. (2004). Reducing the global burden of hazardous alcohol use: A combibliomixedtive cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65(6), 782−793.
  7. Cosby, E. A., Allen, N. B., Slavich, G. M., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Life stress and suicide in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(10), 1707-1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00534-5
  8. Glenn, C. R., & Nock, M. K. (2014). Improving the short-term prediction of suicidal behavior. American Journal Preventive Medicine, 47(3, Suppl. 2), S176-S180.
  9. Glenn, C., & Nock, M. K. (2021). Nonsuicidal self-injury in children and adolescents: Clinical features and proposed diagnostic criteria. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nonsuicidal-self-injury-in-children-and-adolescents-clinical-features-and-proposed-diagnostic-criteria?
  10. Jathar, P., Panse, A. M., Jathar, M., & Gawali, P. N. (2016). Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Disorder of self-mutilating behavior. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 9(2), 139-142. https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1350
  11. Kennebeck, S., & Bonin, L. (2021). Suicidal behavior in children and adolescents: Epidemiology and risk factors. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/suicidal-behavior-in-children-and-adolescents-epidemiology-and-risk-factors?search=suicide%
  12. Mohr, D. C., Vella, L., Hart, S., Heckman, T., & Simon, G. (2007). The effect of telephone-administered psychotherapy on symptoms of depression and attrition: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology, 15(3), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00134.x
  13. Ng, C. W., How, C. H., & Ng, Y. P. (2017). Depression in primary care: Assessing suicide risk. Singapore Medical Journal, 58(2), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2017006
  14. *Nock, M. K., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts versus suicide gestures: Analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 616-623. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.616
  15. *Rosenthal, H. (2003). Twelve must-know myths about suicidal clients. Counselor: The Magazine for Addiction Professionals, 4(5), 22-23.
  16. Stewart, J. G., Shields, G. S., Esposito, E. C., Cosby, E. A., Allen, N. B., Slavich, G. M., & Auerbach, R. P. (2019). Life stress and suicide in adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(10), 1707-1722. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-019-00534-5
  17. Tofthagen, R., Talsethand, A. G., & Fagerström, L. (2014). Mental health nurses' experiences of caring for patients suffering from self-harm. Nursing Research and Practice, 2014, 905741. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/905741
  18. *Wheatley, M., & Austin-Payne, H. (2009). Nursing staff knowledge and attitudes towards deliberate self-harm in adults and adolescents in an inpatient setting. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37(3), 293-309.
  19. *Ystgaard, M. (2003). Deliberate self-harm among young people. New research results and consequences for preventive work. Suicidologi, 8(2), 7-10.
Ineffective Sexuality Pattern
  1. Agronin, M. (2021). Sexual dysfunction in older adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sexual-dysfunction-in-older-adults
  2. *Annon, J. S. (1976). The PLISST model: A proposed conceptual scheme for the behavioral treatment. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 2, 211-215.
  3. Bauer, M., Fetherstonhaugh, D., Tarzia, L., Nay, R., & Beattie, E. (2014). Supporting residents' expression of sexuality: The initial construction of a sexuality assessment tool for residential aged care facilities BMC Geriatrics, 14, 82. Retrieved from www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/14/82
  4. Byers, E. S., Nichols, S., Voyer, S. D., & Reilly, G. (2013). Sexual well-being of a community sample of high-functioning adults on the autism spectrum who have been in a romantic relationship. Autism, 17(4), 418-433.
  5. CDC. (2021). Sexually transmitted diseases (STDS). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/
  6. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. (2014). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2013. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/ss/ss6304.pdf
  7. Ginsburg, K. R. (2015). Talking to your child about sex. Retrieved from www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/gradeschool/puberty/Pages/Talking-to-Your-Child-About-Sex.aspx
  8. Guilamo-Ramos, V., Bowman, A. S., Benzekri, A., Ruiz, Y., & Beltran, O. (2019). Misalignment of Sexual and Reproductive Health priorities among older Latino adolescents and their mothers. Contraception, 99(3), 179-183.
  9. Kazer, M. W. (2012a). Issues regarding sexuality. In M. Boltz, E. Capezuti, T. Fulmer, & D. Zwicker (Eds.), Evidence-based geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (4th ed., pp. 500-515). New York, NY: Springer.
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Disturbed-Sleep Patterns/Sleep Deprivation
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  5. Chasens, E. R., & Umlauf, M. G. (2012). Nursing standard practice protocol: Excessive sleepiness. Retrieved from http://consultgerirn.org/topics/sleep/want_to_know_more
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  12. Hickey, J. (2014). The clinical practice of neurological and neurosurgical nursing (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
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Impaired Social Interaction/Social Isolation
  1. Hasson-Ohayon, I., Or, S. E. B., Vahab, K., Amiaz, R., Weiser, M., & Roe, D. (2012). Insight into mental illness and self-stigma: The mediating role of shame proneness. Psychiatry Research, 200(2), 802-806.
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Chronic Sorrow
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Spiritual Distress
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  4. *Carson, V. B. (1999). Mental health nursing: The nurse-patient journey (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders.
  5. Fitzpatrick, J., & Geraldine McCarthy, G. (2014). Theories guiding nursing research and practice: Making nursing knowledge development explicit. New York, NY: Springer.
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  7. Joint Commission. (2020). Manual: Hospital and hospital clinics. Rights and responsibilities of the individual: Spiritual beliefs and preferences - Evaluating a patient's spiritual needs. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Author.
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Stress Overload
  1. American Psychiatric Association. (2020). DSM-5: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
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Risk for Sudden Infant Death
  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Sudden unexpected infant death and sudden infant death syndrome. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/sids/data.html
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Delayed Surgical Recovery
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  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Surgical site infection (SSI) event. Retrieved from www.cdc.gov/nhsn/PDFs/pscManual/9pscSSIcurrent.pdf
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Ineffective Thermoregulation/Hyperthermia/Hypothermia
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Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion
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Impaired Urinary Elimination/Maturational Enuresis/Stress Urinary Incontinence/Urge Urinary Incontinence
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Risk for Vascular Trauma
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  2. Butler, J., Steele, K. T., Chung, K. C., & Elzinga, K. (2020). Extravasation injury from chemotherapy and other non-antineoplastic vesicants. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/extravasation-injury-from-chemotherapy-and-other-non-antineoplastic-vesicants
  3. Hayden, B. K., & Goodman, M. (2018). Chemotherapy: Principles of administration. In C. H. Yarbro, M. H. Frogge, & M. Goodman (Eds.), Cancer nursing principles and practice (6th ed., pp. 361-364). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
  4. Kim, J. T., Park, J. Y., Lee, H. J., & Cheon, Y. J. (2020). Guidelines for the management of extravasation. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 17, 21. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2020.17.21
Risk for other-directed Violence
  1. *Allen, P. (2009). Violence in the emergency department: Tools & strategies to create a violence-free ED. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
  2. *Alvarez, H. F., & Nicembolm, E. (1998). Prevention of mental disorders: Steps toward community interventions. Journal of Community Psychology, 26(3).
  3. *Behnam, M., Tillotson, R. D., Davis, S. M., & Hobbs, G. R. (2011). Violence in the emergency department: A national survey of emergency medicine residents and attending physicians. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40(5), 565-579.
  4. Cohen-Mansfield, J., & Werner, P. (1998). Determinants of the effectiveness of one-to-one social interactions for treating verbally disruptive behaviors. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 4(3), 323-324.
  5. *Del Vecchio, T., & O'Leary, K. D. (2004). The effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 15-34.
  6. *Edari, R., & McManus, P. (1998). Risk and resiliency factors for violence. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 45(2), 293-305.
  7. Fox, K. A., & Johnson-Agbakwu, C. (2020). Crime victimization, health, and female genital mutilation or cutting among Somali women and adolescent girls in the United States, 2017. American Journal of Public Health, 110(1), 112-118.
  8. The Joint Commission. (2018). Sentinel event alert (Issue 59). Retrieved from https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/documents/office-quality-and-patient-safety/sea_59_workplace_violence_4_13_18_final.pdf?
  9. Kansagra, S. M., Rao, S. R., Sullivan, A. F., Gordon, J. A., Magid, D. J., Kaushal, R., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2008). A survey of workplace violence across 65 U.S. emergency departments. Academy of Emergency Medicine, 15, 1268.
  10. Kavan, M., Saxena, S., & Rafig, N. (2018). General parenting strategies: Practical suggestions for common child behavior issues. American Family Physician, 97(10), 642-648.
  11. Moore, G., & Pfaff, J. A. (2020). Assessment and emergency management of the acutely agitated or violent adult. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/assessment-and-emergency-management-of-the-acutely-agitated-or-violent-adult
  12. OSHA. (2016). OSHA's guidelines for preventing workplace violence for healthcare and social service workers. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3148.pdf
  13. Rice, M. M., & Moore, G. P. (1991). Management of the violent patient. Therapeutic and legal considerations. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 9, 13.
  14. Roche, M., Diers, D., Duffield, C., & Catling‐Paull, C. (2010). Violence toward nurses, the work environment, and patient outcomes. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42(1), 13-22.
  15. Rosenstein, D. L., & Park, E. (2020). Challenging interactions with patients and families in palliative care. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/challenging-interactions-with-patients-and-families-in-palliative-care?
  16. Soklaridis, S., Hunter, J. J., & Ravitz, P. (2014). Twelve tips for asking and responding to difficult questions during a challenging clinical encounter. Medical Teaching, 36(9), 769.
  17. Stephens, W. (2019). Violence against healthcare workers: A rising epidemic. The American Journal of Managed Care. Retrieved from https://www.ajmc.com/view/violence-against-healthcare-workers-a-rising-epidemic
Risk for Female Genital Mutilation
  1. Aube, L., & McCammon, K. A. (2020). Male adult circumcision. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/male-adult-circumcision?search=female%20genital%
  2. Dawson, A. J., Turkmani, S., Varol, N., Nanayakkara, S., Sullivan, E., & Homer, C. E. (2015). Midwives' experiences of caring for women with female genital mutilation: Insights and ways forward for practice in Australia. Women and Birth: Journal of the Australian College of Midwives, 28(3), 207-214.
  3. González-Timoneda, A., Ruiz Ros, V., González-Timoneda, M., & Cano Sánchez, A. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary healthcare professionals to female genital mutilation in Valencia, Spain: Are we ready for this challenge? BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 579.
  4. Nour, N. M. (2020). Female genital cutting (circumcision). UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/female-genital-cutting-circumcision?search=female%
  5. Reig-Alcaraz, M., Siles-González, J., & Solano-Ruiz, C. (2016). A mixed-method synthesis of knowledge, experiences and attitudes of health professionals to female genital mutilation. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(2), 245-260.
  6. Turkmani, S., Homer, C., Varol, N., & Dawson, A. (2018). A survey of Australian midwives' knowledge, experience, and training needs in relation to female genital mutilation. Women Birth, 31(1), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.009
  7. World Health Organization. (2020). Female genital mutilation. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation
  8. Young, J., Nour, N. M., Macauley, R. C., Narang, S. K., & Johnson-Agbakwu, C. (2020). Section on global health: Committee on Medical Liability and Risk Management, Committee on Bioethics. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of female genital mutilation or cutting in girls. Pediatrics, 146(2), e20201012.
  9. Young, J., Rodrigues, K. K., Imam, B., & Johnson-Agbakwu, C. (2021). Female genital mutilation/cutting-pediatric physician knowledge, training, and general practice approach Journal of Immigrant Minority Health, 22, 668-674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-019-00938-x
Wandering
  1. *Algase, D., Beattie, E., Song, J., Milke, D., Duffield, C., & Cowan, B. (2004). Validation of the Algase Wandering Scale (Version 2) in a cross cultural sample. Aging & Mental Health, 8(2), 133-142.
  2. Alzheimer's Association. (2019). Alzheimer's disease facts and figures—Includes a special report on disclosing a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia. Retrieved from https://www.alz.org/media/documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures-2019-r.pdf
  3. Alzheimer's Association. (2021). Wandering. Retrieved from https://www.alz.org/help-support/caregiving/stages-behaviors/wandering
  4. Laver, K., Cumming, R. G., Dyer, S. M., Agar, M. R., Anstey, K. J., Beattie, E., . . . Crotty, M. (2016). Clinical practice guidelines for dementia in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 204(5), 191-193.
  5. Lester, P., Garite, A., & Kohen, I. (2012). Wandering and elopement in nursing homes. Annuals of Long Term Care, 20(3), 32-36.
  6. *Logsdon, R. G., McCurry, T. L., Gibbons, L. E., Kukuli, W. A., & Larson, E. B. (1998). Wandering: A significant problem among community-residing individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Gerontological Behavioral, Psychological, and Social Science, 53B(5), 294-299.
  7. MacAndrew, M., Brooks, D., & Beattie, E. (2019). Non-pharmacological interventions for managing wandering in the community: A narrative review of the evidence base. Health and Social Care in the Community, 27(2), 306-319.
  8. *Phinney, A., Chaudhury, H., & O'Connor, D. L. (2007). Doing as much as I can do: The meaning of activity for people with dementia. Aging and Mental Health, 11(4), 384-393.
Part 2: Family/Home Nursing Diagnoses
  1. Ball, J., Bonder, R., & Cowen, K. (2016). Principles of pediatric nursing: Caring for children (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
  2. *Bamberger, J. D., Unick, J., Klein, P., Fraser, M., Chesney, M., & Katz, M. H. (2000). Helping the urban poor stay with antiretroviral HIV drug therapy. American Journal of Public Health, 90(5), 699-701.
  3. *Bureau of Child Welfare. (1998). Child maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.acf.hhs.gov/archive/cb/data/child-maltreatment-1998
  4. Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (2019). Elder maltreatment screen and follow-up plan. Retrieved from https://qpp.cms.gov/docs/QPP_quality_measure_specifications/Claims-Registry-Measures/2019_Measure_181_MedicarePartBClaims.pdf
  5. *DeCasper, A. J., & Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: Newborns prefer their mothers' voices. Science, 208, 1174-1176.
  6. Durham, R., & Chapman, L. (2019). Maternal-newborn nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis.
  7. *Fulmer, T., & Paveza, G. (1998). Neglect in the elderly. Nursing Clinics of North America, 33(3), 457-466.
  8. *Grisham, K. J., & Estes, N. J. (1986). Dynamics of alcoholic families. In N. J. Estes & M. N. Heinemann (Eds.), Alcoholism: Development, Consequences and Interventions. St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
  9. Gruman, J. (2017). Applied social psychology: Understanding and addressing social and practical problems (3rd ed.). Thousand Oakes, CA: SAGE Publications.
  10. Huecker, M. R., & Smock, W. (2019). Domestic violence. Treasure Island, FL: Stat Pearls Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499891/
  11. Ingersoll, K. (2019). Motivational interviewing for substance use disorders. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/motivational-interviewing-for-substance-use-disorders?topicRef=108891&source=see_link
  12. Jindai, K., Nielson, C. M., Vorder Strasse, B. A., & Quinones, A. R. (2016). Multimorbidity and functional limitations among adults 65 or older, NHANES 2005-2012. Preventing Chronic Disease, 13, E151. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160174
  13. Karriker-Jaffe, K. J., Room, R., Giesbrecht, N., & Greenfield, T. (2018). Alcohol's harm to others: Opportunities and challenges in a public health framework individual approaches to reduce AHTO. Journal of Studies on Alcohol Drugs, 79, 239-243.
  14. Messecar, D. C. (2016). Family caregiver interventions. In M. Kluger (Ed.), Geriatric nursing protocols for best practice (5th ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
  15. *National transition of Care Coalition. (2009). Improving transition of care: Hospital to home. Retrieved from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d48b6eb75823b00016db708/t/5d49bc029584f100016105e7/1565113347514/Hospital+to+Home.pdf
  16. National Transitions of Care Coalition. (2019). Healthcare professionals. Retrieved from https://www.ntocc.org/health-care-professionals
  17. Ornstein, A. E. (2013). An approach to child maltreatment documentation and participation in the court system. Paediatrics & Child Health, 18(8), e44-e47.
  18. Phelan, A. (2018). The role of the nurse in detecting elder abuse and neglect: Current perspectives. Nursing: Research and Reviews, 8, 15-22. https://doi.org/10.2147/NRR.S148936
  19. Pillemer, K., Burnes, D., Riffin, C., & Lachs, M. S. (2016). Elder abuse: Global situation, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Gerontologist, (Suppl. 2), S194-S205.
  20. Saitz, R. (2021). Approach to treating alcohol use disorder. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-treating-alcohol-use-disorder
  21. *Schaffer, H. R., & Emerson, P. E. (1964). The development of social attachments in infancy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 29(3), 1-77.
  22. *Smith-DiJulio, K., & Holzapfel, S. K. (1998). Families in crises: Family violence. In E. M. Varcarolis (Ed.), Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
  23. *Starling, B. P., & Martin, A. C. (1990). Adult survivors of parental alcoholism: Implications for primary care. The Nurse Practitioner, 15(7), 16, 19-20, 22-24.
  24. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (2019). The annual homeless assessment report (AHAR) to Congress. Retrieved from https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2019-AHAR-Part-1.pdf
  25. U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). Household relationships. Retrieved from http//www.census.gov/hhes/families/data/cps2013C.html
  26. World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639
Part 3: Community Nursing Diagnoses
  1. *Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2010). Disparities in health care quality among racial and ethnic minority groups: Selected findings from the AHRQ. NHQR and NHDR. Rockville, MD: Author. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhqrdr10/nhqrdrminority10.htm
  2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2014). Vulnerable populations. Retrieved from https://innovations.ahrq.gov/taxonomy-terms/vulnerable-populations
  3. Allender, J. A., Rector, C., & Warner, K. (2014). Community Health Nursing: Promoting and protecting the public (8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  4. *Bamberger, M., & Cheema, S. (1990). Case studies of project sustainability: Implications for policy and operations from Asian experience. Washington, DC: World Bank.
  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). The community guide: Program planning resource. Retrieved from https://www.thecommunityguide.org/content/program-planning-resource
  6. *Clark, L. (2009). Focus group research with children and youth. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(2), 152-154.
  7. DeMarco, R. F., & Healey-Walsh, J. (2019). Community and public health nursing (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  8. Gottfried, J., & Shearer, E. (2017). News use across social media platforms (PEW report). Retrieved from https://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2016/
  9. *Maslow, A. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York, NY: Penguin/Arkana.
  10. *McLeroy, K. R., Norton, B. L., Kegler, M. C., Burdine, J. N., & Sumaya, C. V. (2003). Community-based interventions. American Journal of Public Health, 93(4), 529-533.
  11. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Chapter 2: National factors that affect health-care utilization. In Health-care utilization as a proxy in disability determination. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500097/
Part 4: Health Promotion/Wellness Nursing Diagnoses
  1. *Als, H., Gilkerson, L., Duffy, F. H., McAnulty, G. B., Buehler, D. M., Vandenberg, K., . . . Jones, K. J. (2003). A three-center, randomized, controlled trial of individualized developmental care for very low birth weight preterm infants: Medical, neurodevelopmental, parenting, and caregiving effects. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(6), 399-408.
  2. *Becker, M. H. (1974). The health belief model and personal health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2, 324-508.
  3. *Bomar, P. J. (Ed.). (2005). Promoting health in families: Applying family research and theory to nursing practice (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO: W. B. Saunders.
  4. *Breslow, L. (2004). A life in public health: An insider's retrospective. Boston, MA: Springer Publishers.
  5. Campbell, R. L., & Kelso, J. M. (2021). Anaphylaxis: Emergency treatment. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-emergency-treatment
  6. Cryer, P. E. (2021). Hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoglycemia-in-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus?
  7. *Leavell, H., & Clark, E. (1965). Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community an epidemiologic approach (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  8. Nies, M., & McEwen, M. (2014). Community/public health nursing: Promoting the health of populations (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders.
SECTION 3: Manual of Collaborative Problems
  1. Auckland Allergy Clinic. (2012). Food allergies and intolerance. Retrieved from https://bpac.org.nz/BT/2011/December/allergy-testing.aspx
  2. Austin, J., & Abdulla, A. (2013). Identifying and managing epilepsy in older adults. Nursing Times, 109(3), 20-23.
  3. Baldini, G., Bagry, H., Aprikian, A., & Carli, F. (2009). Postoperative urinary retention: Anesthetic and perioperative considerations. Anesthesiology, 110, 1139.
  4. Barrisford, G. W., & Steele, G. S. (2020). Urinary retention. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-urinary-retention?search=urinary%
  5. Bauer, K. A., & Huisman, M. V. (n.d.). Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the nonpregnant adult with suspected deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-the-nonpregnant-adult-with-suspected-deep-vein-thrombosis-of-the-lower-extremity?
  6. Bauer, K. A., & Lip, G. (2020). Overview of the causes of venous thrombosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-causes-of-venous-thrombosis?search=Virchow%
  7. *Bertina, R. M. (2001). Genetic approach to thrombophilia. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasias, 86(1), 92.
  8. Bordeianou, L., & Yeh, D. D. (2017). Epidemiology, clinical features, and diagnosis of mechanical small bowel obstruction in adults. UpToDate.
  9. Campbell, R. L., & Kelso, J. M. (2021). Anaphylaxis: Emergency treatment. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaphylaxis-emergency-treatment
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Fact sheets-alcohol use and health: Alcohol. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Deaths from excessive alcohol use in the U.S. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/features/excessive-alcohol-deaths.html
  12. Chai-Adisaksopha, C., Crowther, M., Isayama, T., & Lim, W. (2014). The impact of bleeding complications in patients receiving target-specific oral anticoagulants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood, 124, 2450.
  13. *Coll, D. M., Varanelli, M. J., & Smith, R. C. (2002). Relationship of spontaneous passage of ureteral calculi to stone size and location as revealed by unenhanced helical CT. American Journal of Roentgenology, 178, 101.
  14. Colucci, W. S., & Borlaug, B. A. (2021). Heart failure: Clinical manifestations and diagnosis in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/heart-failure-clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-in-adults?search=heart%
  15. Cryer, P. E. (2021). Hypoglycemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypoglycemia-in-adults-with-diabetes-mellitus?
  16. Curhan, G. C., Aronson, M. D., & Preminger, G. M. (2018). Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-acute-management-of-suspected-nephrolithiasis-in-adults
  17. Czosnyka, M., Pickard, J. D., & Steiner, L. A. (2017). Chapter 5: Principles of intracranial pressure monitoring and treatment. In Eelco F. M. Wijdicks & Andreas H. Kramer (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 140, pp. 67-89). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  18. Drislane, F. W. (2018). Convulsive status epilepticus in adults: Treatment and prognosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-treatment-and-prognosis?search=Convulsive%20status%20epilepticus%20in%20adults:%20Treatment%20and%20prognosis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1
  19. Drislane, F. W. (2020). Convulsive status epilepticus in adults: Classification, clinical features, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/convulsive-status-epilepticus-in-adults-classification-clinical-features-and-diagnosis?
  20. *Fang, M. C., Go, A. S., Chang, Y., Borowsky, L. H., Pomernacki, N. K., Udaltsova, N., & Singer, D. E. (2011). A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 395.
  21. Friedman, S. L. (2021). Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of alcohol-associated fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-alcohol-associated-fatty-liver-disease-and-cirrhosis?search=alcoholic%
  22. Gaieski, D. F., & Mikkelsen, M. E. (2020). Definition, classification, etiology, and pathophysiology of shock in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/definition-classification-etiology-and-pathophysiology-of-shock-in-adults?
  23. Garcia, D. A., & Crowther, M. (2021). Risks and prevention of bleeding with oral anticoagulants. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/risks-and-prevention-of-bleeding-with-oral-anticoagulants?
  24. Givertz, M. M. (2019). Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/noncardiogenic-pulmonary-edema?search=pulmonary%
  25. Glick, D. B. (2021). Overview of post-anesthetic care for adult patients. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-post-anesthetic-care-for-adult-
  26. Gomes, T., & Mamdani, M. M., Holbrook, A. M., Paterson, J. M., Hellings, C., & Juurlink, D. N. (2013). Rates of hemorrhage during warfarin therapy for atrial fibrillation. CMAJ, 185, E121.
  27. Gramlich, L., Tandon, P., & Rahman, A. (2019). Nutritional status in patients with sustained heavy alcohol use. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/nutritional-status-in-patients-with-sustained-heavy-alcohol-use
  28. Hull, R. D., Garcia, D. A., & Vazquez, S. R. (2020). Warfarin and other VKAs: Dosing and adverse effects. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/warfarin-and-other-vkas-dosing-and-adverse-effects?
  29. Ichsan, J., & Hunt, D. R. (1987). Suprapubic catheters: A comparison of suprapubic versus urethral catheters in the treatment of acute urinary retention. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 57, 33.
  30. Kalff, J. C., Wehner, S., & Litkouhi, B. (2019). Postoperative ileus. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/postoperative-ileus#:~:text=Postoperative%
  31. Kearon, C., & Bauer, K. A. (2021). Clinical presentation and diagnosis of the nonpregnant adult with suspected deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremity. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-presentation-and-diagnosis-of-the-nonpregnant-adult-with-suspected-deep-vein-thrombosis-of-the-lower-extremity?
  32. Levy, S., & Olshansky, B. (2021). Arrhythmia management for the primary care clinician. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/arrhythmia-management-for-the-primary-care-clinician?search=arrhythmias%
  33. Lip, G., & Hu, R. (2020). Overview of the treatment of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT). UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-treatment-of-lower-extremity-deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt
  34. *Massó González, E. L., Patrignani, P., Tacconelli, S., & García Rodríguez, L. A. (2010). Variability among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 62(6), 1592-1601.
  35. *Matsen, F. A., III, & Krugmire, R. B., Jr. (1978). Compartmental syndromes. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, 147, 943.
  36. *Meignan, M., Rosso, J., Gauthier, H., Brunengo, F., Claudel, S., Sagnard, L., . . . Charbonnier, B. (2000). Systematic lung scans reveal a high frequency of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(2), 159-164.
  37. Meyer, T. E. (2021). Approach to diagnosis and evaluation of acute decompensated heart failure in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/approach-to-diagnosis-and-evaluation-of-acute-decompensated-heart-failure-in-adults?search=cardiogenic%
  38. Neviere, R. (2020). Sepsis syndromes in adults: Epidemiology, definitions, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and prognosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sepsis-syndromes-in-adults-epidemiology-definitions-clinical-presentation-diagnosis-and-prognosis?
  39. Norris, T. L. (2019). Porth's pathophysiology/concepts of altered health states (10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  40. Okusa, M. D., & Rosner, M. H. (2019). Overview of the management of acute kidney injury (AKI) in adults. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-the-management-of-acute-kidney-injury-aki-in-adults?search=acute%20renal%20insufficiency%
  41. Pace, C. (2021). Alcohol withdrawal: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/alcohol-withdrawal-epidemiology-clinical-manifestations-course-assessment-and-diagnosis?
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