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A. Viral Hepatitis

  1. Hepatitis A Virus
  2. Hepatitis B Virus (± Delta Virus)
  3. Hepatitis C Virus
  4. Hepatitis E Virus
  5. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV, Mononucleosis)
  6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

B. Non-viral Infectious Hepatitis

  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Malaria
  3. Amoebiasis
  4. Ascending Cholangitis

C. Inflammatory Hepatitis

  1. Sarcoidosis
  2. Idiopathic Granulomatous Hepatitis
  3. Autoimmune Hepatitis (usually ANA+)
    1. Primary
    2. Secondary - systemic lupus erythematosis
  4. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
  5. Sclerosing Cholangitis

D. Metabolic Abnormalities

  1. Hemochromatosis
  2. Copper Overload (Wilson's Disease)
  3. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
  4. Non-alcoholic fatty liver (many causes) [1]

E. Congestion / Ischemia

  1. Budd-Chiari Syndrome (Hepatic Venous Obstruction)
  2. Portal Vein Thrombosis [2]
  3. Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis
  4. Congestive Heart Failure
  5. Shock Liver (Hypotension)

DRUG INDUCED HEPATITIS [3]

A. Direct Toxicity
  1. Acetaminophen
  2. Carbon tetrachloride
  3. Phosphorus
  4. Mushrooms
  5. Ethanol

B. Idiosyncratic

  1. Isoniazid
  2. Propylthiouracil (PTU)
  3. Disulfiram
  4. HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
  5. Zileuton
  6. Niacin
  7. Carbamazepine
  8. Tacrine
  9. Troglitazone
  10. LipoKinetix®
  11. Many others

C. Toxic-Allergic

  1. Halothane
  2. Isoflurane

D. Allergic

  1. Phenytoin (Dilantin)
  2. Sulfonamides
  3. Amoxicillin-Clavulonate (Augmentin®)

E. Cholestatic

  1. Chlorpromazine
  2. Erythromycin
  3. Estradiol
  4. Captopril
  5. Sulfonamides

F. Granulomatous Drug Reaction

  1. Diltiazem
  2. Quinidine
  3. Phenytoin
  4. Procainamide

G. Chronic Hepatitis

  1. Nitrofurantoin
  2. Methyldopa
  3. Isoniazid
  4. Trazadone

H. Fatty Liver (Steatohepatitis) [1]

  1. Amiodarone
  2. Perhexiline maleate
  3. Valproate
  4. Alcohol

I. Microvesicular Steatosis

  1. Tetracycline
  2. Aspirin
  3. Zidovudine (AZT)
  4. Didanosine
  5. Fialuridine

J. Fibrosis / Cirrhosis

  1. Methotrexate
  2. Vitamin A
  3. Methyldopa

K. Veno-occlusive Disease (VOD)

  1. Cyclophosphamide
  2. Other chemotherapy
  3. Herbal Teas

L. Ischemia

  1. Cocaine
  2. Nicotinic Acid, Sustained Release
  3. Amphetamines

References

  1. Angulo P. 2002. NEJM. 346(16):1221 abstract
  2. Kasper DL, Sahani D, Misdraji J. 2005. NEJM. 353(7):713 (Case Record) abstract
  3. Lee WM. 1995. NEJM. 333(17):1118 abstract