A. Demyelinating Disease

1. Multiple Sclerosis
2. Acute encephalomyelitis: disseminated, hemorrhagic
3. Schilder's Disease
4. Marburg Disease
5. Concentric Sclerosis (Balo's Disease)

B. Toxin

1. Antineoplastic Agents
   1. Radiation Therapy
   2. Methotrexate: intrathecal >> intravenous
   3. Carmustine: intrathecal > intravenous
   4. Cisplatin
   5. 5-Fluorouracil
   6. Thiotepa
   7. Interleukin 2
   8. Others (less commonly)
2. Immunosuppressive Agents
   1. Ciclosporin
   2. Tacrolimus
3. Antimicrobial Agents
   1. Amphotericin B
   2. Hexachlorophene
4. Drugs of Abuse
   1. Toluene
   2. Alcohol
   3. Cocaine and MDMA ("Ecstasy")
   4. Heroin
5. Environmental Toxins
   1. Carbon Monoxide
   2. Carbon Tetrachloride
   3. Arsenic
   4. Toluene

C. Infection

1. HIV
2. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
3. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
4. Progressive rubella panenephalitis
5. Varicella-zoster encephalitis
6. Cytomegalovirus encephalitis
7. Lyme encephalitis

D. Genetic

1. Leukodystrophies
   1. Metachromatic leukodystrophy
   2. Krabbe's Disease
   3. Adrenoleukodystrophy
   4. Pelizaeus-Merzbacher Disease
2. Aminoacidurias
   1. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
   2. Maple syrup urine disease

E. Metabolic Disorder

1. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) Deficiency
2. Folate Deficiency
3. Hypoxia
4. Hypertensive encephalopathy
5. High-altitude cerebral edema

F. Vascular Disorder

1. Binswanger's Disease
2. CADASIL
3. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

G. Other

1. Trauma - diffuse axonal injury secondary to traumatic brain injury
2. Hydrocephalus - early disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus

References

1. Filley CM and Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. 2001. NEJM. 345(6):425