A. Primary Causes

1. Sporadic Tics
   1. Transient motor or phonic tics (<1 year)
   2. Chronic motor or phonic tics (>1 year)
   3. Adult onset (recurrent) tics
   4. Tourette's Syndrome
   5. Primary Dystonia
2. Inherited Tic Disorders
   1. Tourette's Syndrome
   2. Huntington's Disease
   3. Primary Dystonia
   4. Neuroacanthocytosis
   5. Hallervorden-Spatz Disease
   6. Tuberous Sclerosis
   7. Wilson's Disease

B. Secondary Causes

1. Infections
   1. Encephalitis
   2. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
   3. Neurosyphilis
   4. Sydenham's Chorea
2. Drugs
   1. Amphetamines
   2. Methylphenidate
   3. Phenoline
   4. Levodopa
   5. Cocaine
   6. Antiepileptics: carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, lamotrigine
   7. Antipsychotics: typical >> atypical agents
   8. Other dopamine blocking agents
3. Carbon Monoxide
4. Developmental Problems
   1. Static encephalopathy
   2. Mental retardation syndromes
   3. Chromsomal abnormalities
   4. Autism-Spectrum disorders
5. Chromosomal Disorders
   1. Down's Syndrome
   2. Klinefelter's Syndrome
   3. XYY Karyotype
   4. Fragile X syndrome
   5. Triple X syndrome
   6. Mosaicism or Monosomy 9p
   7. Partial trisomy 16
   8. Citrullinemia
   9. Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
6. Other neurologic diseases
   1. Head Trauma
   2. Stroke
   3. Schizophrenia
   4. Neurodegenerative Disease
   5. Neurocutaneous Syndromes

References

1. Jankovic J. 2001. NEJM. 345(16):1184