• Information
  1. Upper GI Bleeding
  2. Lower GI Bleeding
  3. Occult GI Bleeding

A. Upper GI Bleeding

1. Mallory-Weiss Tare
2. Gastric Ulceration (Ulcer / Carcinoma)
3. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
4. Crohn's Disease with Ulceration
5. Esophageal Varices / Ulceration
6. Angiodysplasia (upper usually in jejunum)

B. Lower GI Bleeding [2]

1. Hemorrhoids
2. Anal Fissure
3. Arterio-Venous Malformation (AVM) or Angiodysplasia (upper or lower)
4. Neoplastic Tumor
   1. Right sided colon CAs more likely to bleed than left sided (which obstruct)
   2. Anal Carcinoma
5. Infection
   1. Bacterial (Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter)
   2. Protozoal (Amoebiasis, Strongyloidiasis)
6. Mesenteric Ischemia / Infarction
7. Ulcerative Colitis
8. Diverticulitis
9. Pneumatosis cystoides intestinales
10. Intussusception

C. Occult GI Bleeding [1]

1. Mass Lesions
   1. Carcinoma
   2. Large adenoma (>1.5cm)
2. Inflammation
   1. Erosive esophagitis
   2. Ulcer
   3. Hiatus hernia - linear erosions (Cameron Lesions)
   4. Erosive gastritis
   5. Celiac disease
   6. Ulcerative colitis
   7. Crohn disease
   8. Non-specific inflammatory colitis
   9. Cecal ulcer
3. Vascular Disorders
   1. Arterial-venous malformation
   2. Vascular ectasia
   3. Portal hypertension
   4. "Watermelon" stomach
   5. Varices
   6. Hemangioma
   7. Dieulafoy's vascular malformation (large superficial artery underlying mucosal defect)
4. Infectious Disease
   1. Hookworm
   2. Whipworm
   3. Strongyloidiasis
   4. Ascariasis
   5. Amebiasis
   6. Tuberculous enterocolitis
5. Nasopharyngeal Bleeding
   1. Espistaxis
   2. Oropharyngeal Bleeding
   3. Hemoptysis
6. Other
   1. Factitious causes
   2. Hemosuccus pancreaticus
   3. Hemobilia
   4. Long distance running

References

1. Rockey DC. 1999. NEJM. 341(1):38
2. Berger DL and Mohammadkhani MS. 2000. NEJM. 342(17):1272 (Case Record)