• Information
  1. Glomerular Disease (Table 1)
  2. Interstitial Renal Disease
  3. Bladder And Other Structures
  4. False Hematuria

A. Glomerular Disease (Table 1, Ref [3])

1. Primary Glomerulonephritis
   1. IgA Nephropathy (Berger's Disease)
   2. Poststreptococcal
   3. Membranoproliferative
2. Secondary Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis
   1. Proliferative Nephritides
   2. Lupus Nephritis
   3. Hepatitis C virus associated
   4. Cryoglobulinemia associated
   5. Bacterial endocarditis
3. Secondary Pauci-Immune
   1. ANCA+ and Other Vasculitides
   2. Anti-Basement Membrane Ab Disease
   3. Polyarteritis
4. Post-Exercise
5. Severe Hypertension
   1. Malignant Hypertension / Emergency
   2. Scleroderma Renal Crisis
6. Hereditary Disorders
   1. Familial Nephritis (Alport's Syndrome)
   2. Thin basement membrane nephropathy
   3. Fabry's disease
   4. Nail-patella syndrome
   5. Benign Familial Hematuria

B. Interstitial Renal Disease

1. Polycystic Renal Disease
2. Papillary Necrosis
3. Renal artery embolism
4. Lymphoma
5. Multiple Myeloma
6. Amyloidosis
7. Vascular Malformations

C. Bladder And Other Structures

1. Kidney stones (calculi, nephrolithiasis)
2. Benign Neoplasms
   1. Papilloma
   2. Hemangioma
   3. Paraganglioma (rarely may be malignant) [4]
3. Malignant Primary Neoplasms
   1. Transitional cell carcinoma
   2. Squamous cell carcinoma
   3. Adenocarcinoma
   4. Mixed carcinoma
   5. Sarcoma (leiomyoscarcoma)
4. Invasive Metastatic Cancers
   1. Renal
   2. Gastric
   3. Melanoma
   4. Lymphoma
   5. Local extension: vaginal, colorectal, cervical cancers
5. Infections
6. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
7. Urethral Stricture
8. Endometriosis
9. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
10. Trauma
11. Inflammatory pseudotumor (mainly in women in their 30s)

D. False Hematuria

1. Vaginal Bleeding
2. Rectal Bleeding
3. Hemoglobinuria / Myoglobinuria
4. Drugs Discoloring Urine
   1. Phenothiazine
   2. Phenazopyridine (Pyridium®)
   3. Phenophthalein
   4. Rifampin

References

1. Heney NM and Young RH. 2003. NEJM. 349(25):2442 (Case Record)
2. Dahl DM, Mueller PR, Young RH. 2004. NEJM. 351(20):2102 (Case Record)
3. Steele DJR and Michaels PJ. 2004. NEM. 351(27):2851 (Case Record)
4. Schiavi F, Boedeker CC, Bausch B, et al. 2005. JAMA. 294(16):2057