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A. Pulmonarynavigator

  1. Pulmonary Embolism / Infarction
  2. Primary Lung Cancer (20% of hemoptysis cases)
    1. Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
    2. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
    3. Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma [1]
  3. Other Neoplasm - Metastatic Disease [2]
  4. Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
  5. Pseudoaneurysm [3]
  6. Fistula Tract
  7. Foreign Body
  8. Broncholithiasis [4]

B. Cardiacnavigator

  1. Severe Mitral Stenosis ("Cardiac Apoplexy")
  2. Highly increased Pulmonary Venous Pressures
    1. Pulmonary Venous Congestion
    2. Acute Mitral Regurgitation
    3. Large Left Atrial Myxoma

C. Infectious / Inflammatorynavigator

  1. Bronchitis (50% of hemoptysis)
  2. Bronchiectasis (5%)
  3. Necrotizing Pneumonia (such as Staphylococcal)
  4. Tuberculosis [5]
  5. Fungal Infection: Histoplasmosis, Mucormycosis
  6. Sarcoidosis
  7. Wegener's Granulomatosis
  8. Goodpasture's Syndrome

References navigator

  1. Kradin RL and Mark EJ. 2000. NEJM. 342(8):572 (Case Record)
  2. Markowitz DH and Mark EJ. 2002. NEJM. 346(17):1309 (Case Record) abstract
  3. Collard HR, Gruber MP, Weinberger SE, Saint S. 2003. NEJM. 349(10):987 (Case Discussion) abstract
  4. Meyer M and O'Regan A. 2003. NEJM. 348(4):318 (Case Report) abstract
  5. Gibbons FK, Branda JA, Shepard JO. 2006. NEJM. 354(16):1729 (Case Record) abstract