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Info


A. Arrhythmias (40%) navigator

  1. Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter
  2. Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
  3. Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVC)
  4. Premature Atrial Beats
  5. Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome
  6. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
  7. Bradycardia caused by advanced AV block or sinus node dysfunction
  8. Bradycardia-Tachycardia (Sick Sinus) Syndrome
  9. Ventricular Tachycardia

B. Nonarrhythmic Cardiac [1]navigator

  1. Atrial or ventricular septal defect
  2. Cardiomyopathy
  3. Congenital Heart Disease
  4. Congestive Heart Failure
  5. Mitral Valve Prolapse
  6. Pacemaker-mediated Tachycardia
  7. Pericarditis
  8. Valvular Disease

C. Psychiatric (30%)navigator

  1. Pannic Attack / Panic Disorder
  2. Anxiety
  3. Panic with anxiety with somatization

D. Miscellaneousnavigator

  1. Medications
    1. Theophylline
    2. ß-adrenergic agonists - bronchodilators and inotropic agents
    3. Amphetamines
    4. Phenothiazine
    5. Digitalis
    6. High dose anticholinergic agents
  2. Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism)
  3. Caffeine
  4. Cocaine
  5. Alcohol
  6. Other identified causes
    1. Anemia
    2. Abnormal electrolytes
    3. Fever
    4. Hyperthyroidism
    5. Hypoglycemia
    6. Hypovolemia
    7. Phemochromocytoma
    8. Vasovagal Event
  7. Unknown (~15%)

References navigator

  1. Abbott AV. 2005. Am Fam Phys. 71(4):743 abstract
  2. Zimetbaum P and Josephson ME. 1998. NEJM. 338(19):1369 abstract
  3. Weber BE and Kapoor WN. 1996. Am J Med. 100(2):138 abstract