• Information
  1. Inadequate Synthesis
  2. Inadequate Protein Absorption
  3. Protein Losing Enteropathy
  4. Urinary Losses
• Resources

A. Inadequate Synthesis

1. Chronic Liver Disease
2. Cirrhosis

B. Inadequate Protein Absorption

1. Protein Malabsorption Syndromes - protein losing enteropathy and others
2. Inadequate Protein Intake

C. Protein Losing Enteropathy [1]

1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) - Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
2. Chronic Infectious Diarrhea - Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Isospora
3. Chronic Severe Diarrhea of Idiopathic Cause - systemic sclerosis, polyarteritis nodosa
4. Lymphatic Obstruction - lymphoma, infection
5. Allergic Gastroenteropathy
6. Jejunal Diverticulosis
7. Tuberculosis of the Bowel
8. Amyloidosis
9. Congestive Heart Failure - right sided, with intestinal edema
10. Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)

D. Urinary Losses

1. Nephrotic Syndrome
2. Diabetes Mellitus
3. Sickle Cell Anemia
4. Inflammatory Diseases
   1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
   2. Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
   3. Vasculitis

Resources

Corrected Serum Calcium for Albumin

References

1. Little R and Lacey DL. 1995. Am J Med. 99(3):315