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Table 190-2

Disorders that Can Mimic Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Behçet's disease
CADASIL
Congenital leukodystrophies (e.g., adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy)
HIV infection
Ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic and nonarteritic)
Lyme disease
MELAS
Neoplasms (e.g., lymphoma, glioma, meningioma)
Sarcoid
Sjögren's syndrome
Stroke and ischemic cerebrovascular disease
Syphilis
Systemic lupus erythematosus and related collagen vascular disorders
Tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV-1/2 infection)
Vascular malformations (especially spinal dural AV fistulas)
Vasculitis (primary CNS or other)
Vitamin B12 deficiency

Abbreviations: AV, arteriovenous; CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy, subcortical infarcts, and leukoencephalopathy; HTLV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus; MELAS, mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke.