Disorders that Can Mimic Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
| Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) |
| Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
| Behçet's disease |
| CADASIL |
| Congenital leukodystrophies (e.g., adrenoleukodystrophy, metachromatic leukodystrophy) |
| HIV infection |
| Ischemic optic neuropathy (arteritic and nonarteritic) |
| Lyme disease |
| MELAS |
| Neoplasms (e.g., lymphoma, glioma, meningioma) |
| Sarcoid |
| Sjögren's syndrome |
| Stroke and ischemic cerebrovascular disease |
| Syphilis |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus and related collagen vascular disorders |
| Tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV-1/2 infection) |
| Vascular malformations (especially spinal dural AV fistulas) |
| Vasculitis (primary CNS or other) |
| Vitamin B12 deficiency |
Abbreviations: AV, arteriovenous; CADASIL, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy, subcortical infarcts, and leukoencephalopathy; HTLV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus; MELAS, mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke.