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Table 17-5

Recommendations on Chronic Use of Antithrombotics for Various Cardiac Conditions

ConditionRecommendation
Nonvalvular atrial fibrillationCalculate CHADS2a score
• CHADS2 score 0Aspirin or no antithrombotic
• CHADS2 score 1Aspirin or OAC
• CHADS2 score >1OAC
Rheumatic mitral valve disease
• With atrial fibrillation, previous embolization, or atrial appendage thrombus, or left atrial diameter >55 mmOAC
• Embolization or appendage clot despite OACOAC plus aspirin
Mitral valve prolapse
• AsymptomaticNo therapy
• With otherwise cryptogenic stroke or TIAAspirin
• Atrial fibrillationOAC
Mitral annular calcification
• Without atrial fibrillation but systemic embolization, or otherwise cryptogenic stroke or TIAAspirin
• Recurrent embolization despite aspirinOAC
• With atrial fibrillationOAC
Aortic valve calcification
• AsymptomaticNo therapy
• Otherwise cryptogenic stroke or TIAAspirin
Aortic arch mobile atheroma
• Otherwise cryptogenic stroke or TIAAspirin or OAC
Patent foramen ovale
• Otherwise cryptogenic ischemic stroke or TIAAspirin
• Indication for OAC (deep venous thrombosis or hypercoagulable state)OAC
Mechanical heart value
• Aortic position, bileaflet or Medtronic Hall tilting disk with normal left atrial size and sinus rhythmVKA INR 2.5, range 2-3
• Mitral position tilting disk or bileaflet valveVKA INR 3.0, range 2.5-3.5
• Mitral or aortic position, anterior-apical myocardial infarct, or left atrial enlargementVKA INR 3.0, range 2.5-3.5
• Mitral or aortic position, with atrial fibrillation, or hypercoagulable state, or low ejection fraction, or atherosclerotic vascular diseaseAspirin plus VKA INR 3.0, range 2.5-3.5
• Systemic embolization despite target INRAdd aspirin and/or increase INR: prior target was 2.5 increase to 3.0, range 2.5-3.5; prior target was 3.0 increase to 3.5, range 3-4
Bioprosthetic valve
• No other indication for VKA therapyAspirin
Infective endocarditisAvoid antithrombotic agents
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
• With systemic embolizationFull-dose unfractionated heparin or SC LMWH

aCHADS2 score calculated as follows: 1 point for age >75 years, 1 point for hypertension, 1 point for congestive heart failure, 1 point for diabetes, and 2 points for stroke or TIA; sum of points is the total CHADS2 score.

Note: Dose of aspirin is 50-325 mg/d; target INR for OAC is between 2 and 3 unless otherwise specified.

Abbreviations: INR, international normalized ratio; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; OAC, oral anticoagulant (VKA, thrombin inhibitor, oral factor Xa inhibitors); TIA, transient ischemic attack; VKA, vitamin K antagonist.

Sources: Modified from DE Singer et al: Chest 133:546S, 2008; DN Salem et al: Chest 133:593S, 2008.