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Table 143-1

Principal Causes of Tubulointerstitial Disease of the Kidney

Toxins
Exogenous toxinsMetabolic toxins
Analgesic nephropathya Acute uric acid nephropathy
Lead nephropathy Gouty nephropathya
Chinese herb nephropathy Hypercalcemic nephropathy
Balkan endemic nephropathy Hypokalemic nephropathy
Miscellaneous nephrotoxins (e.g., antibiotics, cyclosporine, radiographic contrast media, heavy metals)a,b Miscellaneous metabolic toxins (e.g., hyperoxaluria, cystinosis, Fabry's disease)
Neoplasia
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma (cast nephropathy, AL amyloidosis)
Immune disorders
Acute (allergic) interstitial nephritisa,bTransplant rejection
Sjögren's syndromeHIV-associated nephropathy
Amyloidosis
Vascular disorders
Arteriolar nephrosclerosisaSickle cell nephropathy
Atheroembolic diseaseAcute tubular necrosisa,b
Hereditary renal diseases
Disorders associated with renal failureHereditary tubular disorders
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney diseaseBartter's syndrome (hereditary hypokalemic alkalosis)
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseaseGitelman's syndrome (hereditary hypokalemic alkalosis)

Medullary cystic kidney disease

Hereditary nephritis (Alport's syndrome)

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I (hypotension/salt wasting and hyperkalemia)
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (hereditary hypertension and hyperkalemia)
Liddle's syndrome (hypertension and hypokalemia)
Hereditary hypomagnesemia
Hereditary renal diseases

Hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

X-linked (AVP receptor dysfunction)

Autosomal (aquaporin-2 dysfunction)
Infectious injury
Acute pyelonephritisa,b
Chronic pyelonephritis
Miscellaneous disorders
Chronic urinary tract obstructiona
Vesicoureteral refluxa
Radiation nephritis

aCommon.

bTypically acute.