Major Causes of Hematuria
| Lower Urinary Tract |
| Bacterial cystitis |
| Interstitial cystitis |
| Urethritis (infectious or inflammatory) |
| Passed or passing kidney stone |
| Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder or structures proximal to it |
| Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder (e.g., following schistosomiasis) |
| Upper Urinary Tract |
| Renal cell carcinoma |
| Age-related renal cysts |
| Other neoplasms (e.g., oncocytoma, hamartoma) |
| Acquired renal cystic disease |
| Congenital cystic disease, including autosomal dominant form |
| Glomerular diseases |
| Interstitial renal diseases, including interstitial nephritis |
| Nephrolithiasis |
| Pyelonephritis |
| Renal infarction |
| Hypercalciuria |
| Hyperuricosuria |