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Table 46-3

Major Causes of Hematuria

Lower Urinary Tract
Bacterial cystitis
Interstitial cystitis
Urethritis (infectious or inflammatory)
Passed or passing kidney stone
Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder or structures proximal to it
Squamous cell carcinoma of bladder (e.g., following schistosomiasis)
Upper Urinary Tract
Renal cell carcinoma
Age-related renal cysts
Other neoplasms (e.g., oncocytoma, hamartoma)
Acquired renal cystic disease
Congenital cystic disease, including autosomal dominant form
Glomerular diseases
Interstitial renal diseases, including interstitial nephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Pyelonephritis
Renal infarction
Hypercalciuria
Hyperuricosuria