Classification of Raynaud's Phenomenon
Primary or idiopathic Raynaud's phenomenon: Raynaud's disease |
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Secondary Raynaud's phenomenon |
Collagen vascular diseases: scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis |
Arterial occlusive diseases: atherosclerosis of the extremities, thromboangiitis obliterans, acute arterial occlusion, thoracic outlet syndrome |
Pulmonary hypertension |
Neurologic disorders: intervertebral disk disease, syringomyelia, spinal cord tumors, stroke, poliomyelitis, carpal tunnel syndrome |
Blood dyscrasias: cold agglutinins, cryoglobulinemia, cryofibrinogenemia, myeloproliferative disorders, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia |
Trauma: vibration injury, hammer hand syndrome, electric shock, cold injury, typing, piano playing |
Drugs: ergot derivatives, methysergide, β-adrenergic receptor blockers, bleomycin, vinblastine, cisplatin |