Precipitants of Acute Pulmonary Edema
| Acute tachy- or bradyarrhythmia |
| Infection, fever |
| Acute MI |
| Severe hypertension |
| Acute mitral or aortic regurgitation |
| Increased circulating volume (Na+ ingestion, blood transfusion, pregnancy) |
| Increased metabolic demands (exercise, hyperthyroidism) |
| Pulmonary embolism |
| Noncompliance (sudden discontinuation) of chronic CHF medications |