Precipitants of Acute Pulmonary Edema
Acute tachy- or bradyarrhythmia |
Infection, fever |
Acute MI |
Severe hypertension |
Acute mitral or aortic regurgitation |
Increased circulating volume (Na+ ingestion, blood transfusion, pregnancy) |
Increased metabolic demands (exercise, hyperthyroidism) |
Pulmonary embolism |
Noncompliance (sudden discontinuation) of chronic CHF medications |