Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Fracture
Nonmodifiable | Estrogen deficiency |
Personal history of fracture as an adult | Early menopause (<45 years) or bilateral ovariectomy |
History of fracture in first-degree relative | Prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year) |
Female sex | Low calcium intake |
Advanced age | Alcoholism |
White race | Impaired eyesight despite adequate correction |
Dementia | |
Potentially modifiable | Recurrent falls |
Current cigarette smoking | Inadequate physical activity |
Low body weight (<58 kg [127 lb]) | Poor health/frailty |