Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Fracture
| Nonmodifiable | Estrogen deficiency |
| Personal history of fracture as an adult | Early menopause (<45 years) or bilateral ovariectomy |
| History of fracture in first-degree relative | Prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year) |
| Female sex | Low calcium intake |
| Advanced age | Alcoholism |
| White race | Impaired eyesight despite adequate correction |
| Dementia | |
| Potentially modifiable | Recurrent falls |
| Current cigarette smoking | Inadequate physical activity |
| Low body weight (<58 kg [127 lb]) | Poor health/frailty |