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Table 177-1

Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Fracture

NonmodifiableEstrogen deficiency
Personal history of fracture as an adult Early menopause (<45 years) or bilateral ovariectomy
History of fracture in first-degree relative Prolonged premenopausal amenorrhea (>1 year)
Female sexLow calcium intake
Advanced ageAlcoholism
White race Impaired eyesight despite adequate correction
Dementia
Potentially modifiableRecurrent falls
Current cigarette smokingInadequate physical activity
Low body weight (<58 kg [127 lb])Poor health/frailty