Classification of Clinical Autonomic Disorders |
| I. Autonomic Disorders with Brain Involvement |
- Associated with multisystem degeneration
- Multisystem degeneration: autonomic failure clinically prominent
- Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
- Parkinson's disease with autonomic failure
- Diffuse Lewy body disease with autonomic failure
- Multisystem degeneration: autonomic failure clinically not usually prominent
- Parkinson's disease without autonomic failure
- Other extrapyramidal disorders (inherited spinocerebellar atrophies, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, Machado-Joseph disease, fragile X syndrome [FXTAS])
- Unassociated with multisystem degeneration (focal CNS disorders)
- Disorders mainly due to cerebral cortex involvement
- Frontal cortex lesions causing urinary/bowel incontinence
- Focal seizures (temporal lobe or anterior cingulate)
- Cerebral infarction of the insula
- Disorders of the limbic and paralimbic circuits
- Shapiro's syndrome (agenesis of corpus callosum, hyperhidrosis, hypothermia)
- Autonomic seizures
- Limbic encephalitis
- Disorders of the hypothalamus
- Thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)
- Diencephalic syndrome
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Serotonin syndrome
- Fatal familial insomnia
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) syndromes (diabetes insipidus, inappropriate ADH secretion)
- Disturbances of temperature regulation (hyperthermia, hypothermia)
- Disturbances of sexual function
- Disturbances of appetite
- Disturbances of BP/HR and gastric function
- Horner's syndrome
- Disorders of the brainstem and cerebellum
- Posterior fossa tumors
- Syringobulbia and Arnold-Chiari malformation
- Disorders of BP control (hypertension, hypotension)
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Central sleep apnea
- Baroreflex failure
- Horner's syndrome
- Vertebrobasilar and lateral medullary (Wallenberg's) syndromes
- Brainstem encephalitis
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| II. Autonomic Disorders with Spinal Cord Involvement |
- Traumatic quadriplegia
- Syringomyelia
- Subacute combined degeneration
- Multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Tetanus
- Stiff-person syndrome
- Spinal cord tumors
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| III. Autonomic Neuropathies |
- Acute/subacute autonomic neuropathies
- Subacute autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG)
- Subacute paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy
- Guillain-Barré syndrome
- Botulism
- Porphyria
- Drug induced autonomic neuropathies-stimulants, drug withdrawal, vasoconstrictor, vasodilators, beta-receptor antagonists, beta-agonists
- Toxin-induced autonomic neuropathies
- Subacute cholinergic neuropathy
- Chronic peripheral autonomic neuropathies
- Distal small fiber neuropathy
- Combined sympathetic and parasympathetic failure
- Amyloid
- Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
- AAG (paraneoplastic and idiopathic)
- Sensory neuronopathy with autonomic failure
- Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome)
- Diabetic, uremic, or nutritional deficiency
- Geriatric dysautonomia (age >80 years)
- Disorders of orthostatic intolerance: reflex syncope; POTS; prolonged bed rest; space flight; chronic fatigue
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