Tachyarrhythmias

Congestive heart failure

Hypertensive emergencies

Infection/inflammation (e.g., myocarditis, pericarditis)

Stress cardiomyopathy (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy)

Structural heart disease (e.g., aortic stenosis)

Aortic dissection

Coronary spasm

Cardiac procedures (endomyocardial biopsy, ablation, CABG, PCI)

Infiltrative diseases (e.g., amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, malignancy)

Pulmonary embolism/pulmonary hypertension

Trauma (e.g., electrical shock, burns, blunt chest wall)

Hypo or hyperthyroidism

Toxicity (e.g., anthracyclines, snake venom)

Renal failure

Sepsis, shock

Stroke or other acute neurologic event

Extreme endurance efforts (e.g., ultra-marathon)

Rhabdomyolysis