Precipitants of Acute Pulmonary Edema | |||
| Acute tachy- or bradyarrhythmia | |||
| Infection, fever | |||
| Acute MI | |||
| Severe hypertension | |||
| Acute mitral or aortic regurgitation | |||
| Increased circulating volume (Na+ ingestion, blood transfusion, pregnancy) | |||
| Increased metabolic demands (exercise, hyperthyroidism) | |||
| Pulmonary embolism | |||
| Noncompliance (sudden discontinuation) of chronic heart failure medications |