Transudative Pleural Effusions

1. Congestive heart failure
2. Cirrhosis
3. Nephrotic syndrome
4. Peritoneal dialysis
5. Superior vena cava obstruction
6. Myxedema
7. Urinothorax

Exudative Pleural Effusions

1. Neoplastic diseases
   • Metastatic disease
   • Mesothelioma
2. Infectious diseases
   • Bacterial infections
   • Tuberculosis
   • Fungal infections
   • Viral infections
   • Parasitic infections
3. Pulmonary embolism
4. Gastrointestinal disease
   • Esophageal perforation
   • Pancreatic disease
   • Intraabdominal abscess
   • Diaphragmatic hernia
   • After abdominal surgery
   • Endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy
   • After liver transplant
5. Collagen-vascular diseases
   • Rheumatoid pleuritis
   • Systemic lupus erythematosus
   • Drug-induced lupus
   • Sjögren syndrome
   • Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)
   • Churg-Strauss syndrome
6. Post-coronary artery bypass surgery
7. Asbestos exposure
8. Sarcoidosis
9. Uremia
10. Meigs' syndrome
11. Yellow nail syndrome
12. Drug-induced pleural disease
    • Nitrofurantoin
    • Dantrolene
    • Methysergide
    • Bromocriptine
    • Procarbazine
    • Amiodarone
    • Dasatinib
13. Trapped lung
14. Radiation therapy
15. Post-cardiac injury syndrome
16. Hemothorax
17. Iatrogenic injury
18. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
19. Pericardial disease
20. Chylothorax