Gastrointestinal Endocrine Tumor Syndromes | ||||
| SYNDROME | CELL TYPE | CLINICAL FEATURES | PERCENTAGE MALIGNANT | MAJOR PRODUCTS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carcinoid syndrome | Entero-chromaffin, enterochro-maffin-like | Flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, hypotension | ∼100 | Serotonin, histamine, miscellaneous peptides |
| Zollinger-Ellison, gastrinoma | Non-β islet cell, duodenal G cell | Peptic ulcers, diarrhea | ∼70 | Gastrin |
| Insulinoma | Islet β cell | Hypoglycemia | ∼10 | Insulin |
| VIPoma (Verner-Morrison, WDHA) | Islet D1 cell | Diarrhea, hypokalemia, hypochlorhydria | ∼60 | Vasoactive intestinal peptide |
| Glucagonoma | Islet A cell | Mild diabetes mellitus, erythema necrolytica migrans, glossitis | >75 | Glucagon |
| Somato-statinoma | Islet D cell | Diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, steatorrhea, gallstones | ∼70 | Somatostatin |