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Table 125-1

Clinical and Electrocardiographic Features of Common Arrhythmias

RHYTHMATRIAL RATEFEATURESCAROTID SINUS MASSAGEPRECIPITATING CONDITIONSINITIAL TREATMENT
Narrow QRS complex
Atrial premature beats-P wave abnormal; QRS width normal-Can be normal or due to anxiety, CHF, hypoxia, caffeine, abnormal electrolytes (K+ Mg2+ )Remove precipitating cause; if symptomatic: beta blocker
Sinus tachycardia100-160Normal P wave contourRate gradually slowsFever, anxiety, pain, anemia, dehydration, CHF, hyperthyroidism, COPDRemove precipitating cause; if symptomatic: beta blocker
AV nodal tachycardia (reentrant)120-250Absent or retrograde P waveAbruptly converts to sinus rhythm (or no effect)Can occur in healthy individualsVagal maneuvers; if unsuccessful: adenosine, verapamil, beta blocker, cardioversion (100-200 J). To prevent recurrence: beta blocker, verapamil, diltiazem, digoxin, class IC agent, or catheter ablation
Focal atrial tachycardia130-200P contour different from sinus P wave; AV block may occur; automatic form shows “warm-up” in rate in first several beatsAV block may Digitalis toxicity; pulmonary disease; scars from prior cardiac surgery or ablation

If digitalis toxic: hold digoxin, correct [K+ ]

In absence of digoxin toxicity: slow rate with beta blocker, verapamil, or diltiazem; can attempt conversion with IV adenosine; if unsuccessful, consider cardioversion; for long-term suppression, consider class I or III antiarrhythmic or catheter ablation

Atrial flutter

Atrial fibrillation

260-300

>350

“Sawtooth” flutter waves; 2:1, 4:1 block

No discrete P; irregularly spaced QRS

AV block with ventricular rate

ventricular rate

Mitral valve disease, hypertension, pulmonary embolism, pericarditis, post-cardiac surgery, hyperthyroidism; obstructive lung disease, EtOH; atypical atrial flutter usually arises from atrial scars
  1. Slow the ventricular rate: beta blocker, verapamil, diltiazem, or digoxin
  2. Consider conversion to NSR (after anticoagulation if chronic) electrically (50-100 J for atrial flutter, 200 J for atrial fibrillation) or chemically with IV ibutilide or oral class IC, III, or IAa agent

Atrial flutter may respond to rapid atrial pacing, and radio frequency ablation highly effective to prevent recurrences; consider ablation for recurrences of atrial fibrillation, especially if class IC or class III agents fail to control

Multifocal atrial tachycardia100-150At least three distinct P wave shapes with varying PR intervalsNo effectSevere respiratory insufficiencyTreat underlying lung disease; verapamil or diltiazem may be used to slow ventricular rate; class IC agents or amiodarone may episodes
Wide QRS complex
Ventricular premature beats Fully compensatory pause between normal beatsNo effectCAD, MI, CHF, hypoxia, hypokalemia, digitalis toxicity, prolonged QT interval (congenital or drug-related)May not require therapy; if needed for symptomatic suppression, use beta blocker
Ventricular tachycardia QRS rate 100-250; slightly irregular rateNo effect

Monomorphic: myocardial scar (e.g., prior MI, sarcoid), ARVC, idiopathic outflow tract tachycardias

Polymorphic: Myocardial ischemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, electrolyte disturbances, drug toxicities, genetic arrhythmia syndromes (see “torsade de pointes” below)

If unstable: electrical conversion/defibrillation (200 J monophasic, or 100 J biphasic)

Otherwise: acute (IV): amiodarone, procainamide, lidocaine; chronic management: usually ICD

Pts without structural heart disease (e.g., focal outflow tract ventricular tachycardia) may respond to beta blockers or verapamil

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) Gradual onset and offset; QRS rate 40-120 Acute MI, myocarditisUsually none; for symptoms, use atropine or atrial pacing
Ventricular fibrillation Erratic electrical activityNo effect Immediate defibrillation
Torsade de pointes Ventricular tachycardia with sinusoidal oscillations of QRS heightNo effectProlonged QT interval (congenital or drug-related)

IV magnesium (1- to 2-g bolus); overdrive pacing; isoproterenol for bradycardia-dependent torsades (unless CAD present); lidocaine

Drugs that prolong QT interval are contraindicated

Supraventricular tachycardias with aberrant ventricular conduction P wave typical of the supraventricular rhythm; wide QRS complex due to conduction through partially refractory pathways Etiologies of the respective supraventricular rhythms listed above; atrial fibrillation with rapid, wide QRS may occur in preexcitation (WPW)Same as treatment of respective supraventricular rhythm; if ventricular rate rapid (>200), treat as WPW (see text)

a Antiarrhythmic drug groups listed in Table 125-2 Commonly Used Antiarrhythmic Drugs.

Abbreviations: ARVC, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; EtOH, ethyl alcohol; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; WPW, Wolff-Parkinson-White.