Causes of Syncope | |||
| A. Neurally Mediated Syncope | |||
| Vasovagal syncope | |||
| Provoked fear, pain, anxiety, intense emotion, sight of blood, unpleasant sights and odors, orthostatic stress | |||
| Situational reflex syncope | |||
| Pulmonary | |||
| Cough syncope, wind instrument player's syncope, weightlifter's syncope, “mess trick”a and “fainting lark,”b sneeze syncope, airway instrumentation | |||
| Urogenital | |||
| Postmicturition syncope, urogenital tract instrumentation, prostatic massage | |||
| Gastrointestinal | |||
| Swallow syncope, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, esophageal stimulation, gastrointestinal tract instrumentation, rectal examination, defecation syncope | |||
| Cardiac | |||
| Bezold-Jarisch reflex, cardiac outflow obstruction | |||
| Carotid sinus | |||
| Carotid sinus sensitivity, carotid sinus massage | |||
| Ocular | |||
| Ocular pressure, ocular examination, ocular surgery | |||
| B. Orthostatic Hypotension | |||
| Primary autonomic failure due to idiopathic central and peripheral neurodegenerative diseases-the “synucleinopathies” | |||
| Lewy body diseases | |||
| Parkinson's disease | |||
| Lewy body dementia | |||
| Pure autonomic failure | |||
| Multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager syndrome) | |||
| Secondary autonomic failure due to autonomic peripheral neuropathies | |||
| Diabetes | |||
| Hereditary amyloidosis (familial amyloid polyneuropathy) | |||
| Primary amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis; immunoglobulin light chain associated) | |||
| Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) (especially type III-familial dysautonomia) | |||
| Idiopathic immune-mediated autonomic neuropathy | |||
| Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy | |||
| Sjögren's syndrome | |||
| Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy | |||
| HIV neuropathy | |||
| Postprandial hypotension | |||
| Iatrogenic (drug-induced) | |||
| Volume depletion | |||
| C. Cardiac Syncope | |||
| Arrhythmias | |||
| Sinus node dysfunction | |||
| Atrioventricular dysfunction | |||
| Supraventricular tachycardias | |||
| Ventricular tachycardias | |||
| Inherited channelopathies | |||
| Cardiac structural disease | |||
| Valvular disease | |||
| Myocardial ischemia | |||
| Obstructive and other cardiomyopathies | |||
| Atrial myxoma | |||
| Pericardial effusions and tamponade |