Thrombosis

 Lacunar stroke (small vessel)

 Large-vessel thrombosis

 Dehydration

Embolic occlusion

 Artery-to-artery

  Carotid bifurcation

  Aortic arch

  Arterial dissection

 Cardioembolic

  Atrial fibrillation

  Mural thrombus

  Myocardial infarction

  Dilated cardiomyopathy

  Valvular lesions

  Mitral stenosis

  Mechanical valve

  Bacterial endocarditis

 Paradoxical embolus

  Atrial septal defect

  Patent foramen ovale

 Atrial septal aneurysm

 Spontaneous echo contrast

 Stimulant drugs: cocaine, amphetamine

Hypercoagulable disorders

 Protein C deficiency^a

 Protein S deficiency^a

 Antithrombin III deficiency^a

 Antiphospholipid syndrome

 Factor V Leiden mutation^a

 Prothrombin G20210 mutation^a

 Systemic malignancy

 Sickle cell anemia

 βThalassemia

 Polycythemia vera

 Systemic lupus erythematosus

 Homocysteinemia

 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

 Disseminated intravascular coagulation

 Dysproteinemias^a

 Nephrotic syndrome^a

 Inflammatory bowel disease^a

 Oral contraceptives

Venous sinus thrombosis^b

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Vasculitis

 Systemic vasculitis (PAN, granulomatosis with polyangiitis [We gener's], Takayasu's, giant cell arteritis)

 Primary CNS vasculitis

 Meningitis (syphilis, tuberculosis, fungal, bacterial, zoster)

Noninflammatory vasculopathy

 Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome

 Fabry's disease

 Angiocentric lymphoma

Cardiogenic

 Mitral valve calcification

 Atrial myxoma

 Intracardiac tumor

 Marantic endocarditis

 Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage vasospasm

Moyamoya disease

Eclampsia