section name header

Table 179-1

Classification of Causes of Hypercalcemia

  • Parathyroid-Related
    • Primary hyperparathyroidism
      1. Adenoma(s)
      2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia
      3. Carcinoma
    • Lithium therapy
    • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
  • Malignancy-Related
    • Solid tumor with metastases (breast)
    • Solid tumor with humoral mediation of hypercalcemia (lung, kidney)
    • Hematologic malignancies (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia)
  • Vitamin D-Related
    • Vitamin D intoxication
    • ↑1,25(OH)2D; sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases
    • ↑1,25(OH)2D; impaired 1,25(OH)2D metabolism due to 24-hydroxylase deficiency and inactivating mutations in the sodium-dependent phosphate co-transporters
  • Associated with High Bone Turnover
    • Hyperthyroidism
    • Immobilization
    • Thiazides
    • Vitamin A intoxication
    • Fat necrosis
  • Associated with Renal Failure
    • Severe secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • Aluminum intoxication
    • Milk-alkali syndrome