Common Causes of Acute Kidney Injury | |||
| Prerenal | |||
| Volume depletion | |||
| Blood loss | |||
| GI fluid loss (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea) | |||
| Overzealous diuretic use | |||
| Volume overload with reduced renal perfusion | |||
| Congestive heart failure | |||
| Low-output with systolic dysfunction | |||
| “High-output” (e.g., anemia, thyrotoxicosis) | |||
| Hepatic cirrhosis | |||
| Severe hypoproteinemia | |||
| Renovascular disease | |||
| Drugs | |||
| NSAIDs, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, cisplatin, aminoglycosides | |||
| Other | |||
| Hypercalcemia, “third spacing” (e.g., pancreatitis, systemic inflammatory response), hepatorenal syndrome | |||
| Intrinsic | |||
| ATN | |||
| Hypotension or shock, prolonged prerenal azotemia, postoperative sepsis syndrome, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis, drugs | |||
| Radiocontrast, aminoglycosides, cisplatin | |||
| Other tubulointerstitial disease | |||
| Allergic interstitial nephritis | |||
| Pyelonephritis (bilateral, or unilateral in single functional kidney) | |||
| Heavy metal poisoning | |||
| Atheroembolic disease-after vascular procedures, thrombolysis, or anticoagulation | |||
| Glomerulonephritis | |||
| 1. ANCA-associated: granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), idiopathic pauci-immune GN, PAN | |||
| 2. Anti-GBM disease; isolated or with pulmonary involvement (Goodpasture's syndrome) | |||
| 3. Immune complex-mediated | |||
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis, SLE, cryoglobulinemia (with or without hepatitis C infection), postinfectious GN (classically poststreptococcal) | |||
| IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura | |||
| Glomerular endotheliopathies | |||
| Thrombotic microangiopathy, malignant hypertension, scleroderma, antiphospholipid syndrome, preeclampsia | |||
| Postrenal (Urinary Tract Obstruction) | |||
| Bladder neck obstruction, bladder calculi | |||
| Prostatic hypertrophy | |||
| Ureteral obstruction due to compression | |||
| Pelvic or abdominal malignancy, retroperitoneal fibrosis | |||
| Nephrolithiasis | |||
| Papillary necrosis with obstruction |