Pituitary adenomas are benign monoclonal tumors that arise from one of the five anterior pituitary cell types and may cause clinical effects from either overproduction of a pituitary hormone or compressive/destructive effects on surrounding structures, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, optic chiasm, and cavernous sinus. About one-third of all adenomas are clinically nonfunctioning and produce no distinct clinical hypersecretory syndrome. They are typically identified because of mass effects or as incidental findings during imaging for other reasons. Among hormonally functioning neoplasms, tumors secreting PRL are the most common (∼50%); they have a greater prevalence in women than in men. GH- and ACTH-secreting tumors each account for about 10-15% of functioning pituitary tumors. Adenomas are classified as microadenomas (<10 mm) or macroadenomas (≥10 mm). Pituitary adenomas (especially PRL- and GH-producing tumors) may be part of genetic familial syndromes such as MEN 1, Carney syndrome, or mutant aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibitor protein (AIP) syndrome. Other entities that can present as a sellar mass include craniopharyngiomas, Rathke's cleft cysts, sella chordomas, meningiomas, pituitary metastases, gliomas, and granulomatous disease (e.g., histiocytosis X, sarcoidosis).
Clinical Features
Symptoms from mass effects include headache; visual loss through compression of the optic chiasm (classically a bitemporal hemianopia); and diplopia, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, and decreased facial sensation from cranial nerve compression laterally. Pituitary stalk compression from the tumor may also result in mild hyperprolactinemia. Symptoms of hypopituitarism or hormonal excess may be present as well (see below).
Pituitary apoplexy, typically resulting from hemorrhage into a preexisting adenoma or post-partum as Sheehan's syndrome, is an endocrine emergency that typically presents with features that include severe headache, bilateral visual changes, ophthalmoplegia, and, in severe cases, cardiovascular collapse and loss of consciousness. It may result in hypotension, hypoglycemia, CNS hemorrhage, and death. Pts with no evident visual loss or impaired consciousness can usually be observed and managed conservatively with high-dose glucocorticoids; surgical decompression should be considered when visual or neurologic symptoms/signs are present.
Diagnosis
Sagittal and coronal T1-weighted MRI images with specific pituitary cuts should be obtained before and after administration of gadolinium. In pts with lesions close to the optic chiasm, visual field assessment that uses perimetry techniques should be performed. In pituitary apoplexy, CT or MRI of the pituitary may reveal signs of hemorrhage in the sellar region, with deviation of the pituitary stalk and compression of pituitary tissue.
| TREATMENT | ||
Pituitary TumorsPituitary surgery is indicated for mass lesions that impinge on surrounding structures or to correct hormonal hypersecretion, except in the case of prolactinoma, where medical treatment is usually effective (see below). Transsphenoidal surgery, rather than transfrontal resection, is the desired surgical approach for most pts. The goal is selective resection of the pituitary mass lesion without damage to the normal pituitary tissue, to decrease the likelihood of hypopituitarism. Transient or permanent diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, CSF rhinorrhea, visual loss, and oculomotor palsy are potential complications. Tumor invasion outside of the sella is rarely amenable to surgical cure, but debulking procedures may relieve tumor mass effects and reduce hormonal hypersecretion. Radiation may be used as an adjunct to surgery, but efficacy is delayed and >50% of pts develop hormonal deficiencies within 10 years, usually due to hypothalamic damage. GH- and TSH-secreting tumors are also amenable to medical therapy; in PRL-secreting tumors, medical therapy is the initial treatment of choice. |
Section 13. Endocrinology and Metabolism