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Information

  1. Adnexal causes: Trichiasis, distichiasis, floppy eyelid syndrome, entropion or ectropion, lagophthalmos, blepharitis, meibomitis, acne rosacea, dacryocystitis, canaliculitis.
  2. Conjunctival causes: Ophthalmia neonatorum (in infants), conjunctivitis (infectious, chemical, allergic, atopic, vernal, medication toxicity), subconjunctival hemorrhage, inflamed pinguecula, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, conjunctival foreign body, symblepharon and associated etiologies (e.g., mucous membrane pemphigoid, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis), conjunctival neoplasia.
  3. Corneal causes: Infectious or inflammatory keratitis, contact lens–related problems (see 4.20, CONTACT LENS–RELATED PROBLEMS), corneal foreign body, recurrent corneal erosion, pterygium, neurotrophic keratopathy, medicamentosa, chemical or ultraviolet burn.
  4. Other: Trauma, postoperative, dry eye syndrome, anterior uveitis, episcleritis, scleritis, endophthalmitis, pharmacologic (e.g., prostaglandin analogs), angle-closure glaucoma, carotid–cavernous fistula (corkscrew conjunctival vessels), cluster headache.