section name header

Information

  1. Astra Zeneca. Arimidex challenges tamoxifen as gold standard treatment in women with advanced post-menopausal breast cancer. Available at http://www.astrazeneca.com/search/? itemId=3892537. Accessed October 4, 2009.
  2. Adjei AA, Hidalgo M. Treating cancer by blocking cell signals. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(23):5279-5280.
  3. Ma WW, Adjei AA. Novel agents on the horizon for cancer therapy. CA Cancer J Clin. 2009;59(2):111-136.
  4. Brambilla E, Gazdar A. Pathogenesis of lung cancer signaling pathways: roadmap for therapies. Eur Respir J. 2009;33:1485-1497.
  5. Weiner GJ. Monoclonal antibody mechanisms of action in cancer. Immunol Res. 2007;39:271-278.
  6. Types of monoclonal antibodies. Genmab Web site. http://www.genmab.com/ScienceAnd Research/IntroductionToAntibodies.aspx. Accessed September 17, 2009.
  7. Adams GP, Weiner M. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nat Biotech. 2005;23:1147-1153.
  8. Iannello A, Ahmad A. Role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the efficacy of therapeutic anti-cancer monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Metastases Rev. 2005;24:487-499.
  9. National Cancer Institute. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE). http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf. Published August 9, 2006. Accessed September 17, 2009.
  10. Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J, et al. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:S483-S523.
  11. Sampson HA, Munoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:391-397.
  12. Scarlet C. Anaphylaxis. J Infus Nurs. 2006;29:39-44.
  13. Lenz HJ. Management and preparedness for infusion and hypersensitivity reactions. Oncologist. 2007;12(5):601-609.
  14. Kang SP, Saif MW. Infusion-related and hypersensitivity reactions of monoclonal antibodies used to treat colorectal cancer—identification, prevention and management. Supportive Oncol. 2007;5(9):451-457.
  15. Lundin J, Kimby E, Bjorkholm M. Phase II trial of subcutaneous anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) as first-line treatment for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Blood. 2002;100(3):768-773.
  16. Sehn LH, Donaldson J, Filewich A, et al. Rapid infusion rituximab in combination with corticosteroid containing chemotherapy or as maintenance therapy is well tolerated and can safely be delivered in the community setting. Blood. 2007;109(10):4171-4173.
  17. Salar A, Casao D, Cervera M, et al. Rapid infusion of rituximab with or without steroid-containing chemotherapy: 1-year experience in a single infusion. Eur J Haematol. 2006;77(4):338-340.
  18. Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Zevalin package insert. Irvine, CA, 2009.
  19. Murray J, Witzig T, Wiseman G, et al. Zevalin therapy can convert peripheral Blood BCL-2 status from positive to negative in patients with low-grade follicular or transformed non-Hodgkins's lymphoma (NHL). Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2000;77[Abstract].
  20. Weber J. Review: anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab: case studies of clinical response and immunerelated adverse events. Oncologist. 2007;12:864-872.
  21. Beck KE, Blansfield JA, Tran KQ, et al. Enterocolitis in patients with cancer after antibody blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24(15):2283-2289.
  22. Blansfield JA, Beck KE, Tran K, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer. J Immunotherapy. 2005;28:593-598.
  23. Marmor MD, Skaria KB, Yarden Y. Signal transduction and oncogenesis by ErbB/HER receptors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58(3):903-913.
  24. Sliwkowski MX. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK, eds. Diseases of the Breast. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:415-426.
  25. Ritter CA, Arteaga CL. The epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase: a promising therapeutic target in solid tumors. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:3-11.
  26. Ejskjaer K, Serensen BS, Poulsen SS, et al. Expression of the human epidermal growth factor system in human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;104:158-167.
  27. Britten CD. Targeting ErbB receptor signaling: a pan-ErbB approach to cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004:1335-1342.
  28. Linggi B, Carpenter G. ErbB receptors: new insights on mechanisms and biology. Trends Cell Biol. 2006;16:649-656.
  29. Wong R, Cunningham D. Using predictive biomarkers to select patients with advanced colorectal cancer for treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5668-5670.
  30. Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1626-1634.
  31. Van Cutsem E, Lang I, D'haens G, et al. KRAS status and efficacy in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with FOLFIRI with or without cetuximab: the CRYSTAL experience. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(May 20 suppl):5S. Abstract 2.
  32. Jimeno A, Messersmith WA, Hirsch FR, Franklin WA, Eckhardt SG. KRAS mutations and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal cancer: practical application of patient selection. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:1130-1136.
  33. Epidermal growth factors and cancer. abcam Web site. http://www.abcam.com/index.html? pageconfig=resource&rid=10723&pid=10628. Accessed September 17, 2009.
  34. Stern HM. EGFR family heterodimers in cancer: Pathophysiology and treatment. In: Haley JD, Gullick WJ, eds. Cancer Drug Discovery and Development: EGFR Signaling Networks in Cancer Therapy. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2008:15-31.
  35. Hsieh AC, Moasser MM. Targeting HER proteins in cancer therapy and the role of the non-target HER3. Br J Cancer. 2007;97:453-457.
  36. Sergina NV, Rausch M, Wang D, et al. Escape from HER-family tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy by the kinase-inactive HER3. Nature. 2007;445(7126):437-441.
  37. Feng SM, Sartor CI, Hunter D, et al. The HER4 cytoplasmic domain, but not its C terminus, inhibits mammary cell proliferation. Mol Endocrinol. 2007;21(8):1861-1876.
  38. Allegra CJ, Jessup JM, Somerfield MR, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2091-2096.
  39. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Cancer: Breast Cancer v1.2009. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/colon.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2009.
  40. Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F, et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5705-5712.
  41. Romond EH, Perez EZ, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2 breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1673-1684.
  42. Herbst RS. Review of epidermal growth factor receptor biology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;59(suppl 2):21-26.
  43. Imclone, Inc. Erbitux package insert. Branchburg, NJ, July 2009. Available at http://package inserts.bms.com/pi/pi_erbitux.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2009.
  44. Lacouture M. Mechanisms of cutaneous toxicities to EGFR inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006; 6:803-812.
  45. National Institutes of Health. NIH image bank. http://media.nih.gov/imagebank/display.aspx? ID=639. Accessed September 17, 2009.
  46. Lynch TJ, Kim ES, Eaby B, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-associated cutaneous toxicities: an evolving paradigm in clinical management. Oncologist. 2007;12:610-621.
  47. Perez-Soler R. Can rash associated with HER1/EGFR inhibition be used as a marker of treatment outcome? Oncologist. 2003;17(11):1-5.
  48. Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S, et al. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:337-345.
  49. Amgen, Inc. Vectibix prescribing information. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc; Feb 2009.
  50. Melosky B, Burkes R, Rayson D, et al. Management of skin rash during EGFR-targeted monoclonal antibody treatment for gastrointestinal malignancy: Canadian recommendations. Curr Oncol. 2009;16(1):16-26.
  51. Bender A, Zapolanski T, Watkins S, et al. (2008). Tetracycline suppresses ATP gamma S-induced CXCL8 and CXCL1 production by the human dermal microvascular endothelial cell-1 (HMEC-1) cell line and primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol. 2008;17(9): 752-760.
  52. Segaert S, Van Cutsem E. Clinical signs, pathophysiology and management of skin toxicity during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(9):1425-1433.
  53. Lacouture ME, Basti S, Patel J, Benson A. The SERIES Clinic: an interdisciplinary approach to the management of toxicities to EGFR inhibitors. J Support Oncol. 2006;4(236):236-238.
  54. Scope A, Agero AL, Dusza SW, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of prophylactic oral minocycline and topical tazarotene for cetuximab-associated acne-like eruptions. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25: 5390-5396.
  55. Jatoi A, Rowland K, Sloan JA, et al. Tetracycline to prevent epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-induced skin rashes: results of a placebo controlled trial from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N03CB). Cancer. 2008;113:847-853.
  56. Wong S, Osann K, Lindgren A, Byun T, Mummaneni M. Pilot cross-over study to evaluate Regenecare topical gel in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) inhibitorsinduced skin toxicity: the final analysis. J Clin Oncol. 26:2008(May 20 suppl; abstr 20507).
  57. Ocvirk J, Rebersek M. Managing cutaneous side effects with K1 vitamine crème reduces cutaneous toxicities induced by cetuximab. J Clin Oncol. 26:2008(May 20 suppl; abstr 20750).
  58. Lacouture ME, Mitchell EP, Shearer H, et al. Impact of pre-emptive skin toxicity (ST) treatment (tx) on panitumumab (Pmab)-related skin toxicities and quality of life (QOL) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): results from STEPP Proceedings of the 2009 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. American Society Of Clinical Oncologists, abstract 291. http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=63& abstractID=10549. Accessed September 18, 2009.
  59. Eaby B, Culkin A, Lacouture ME. An interdisciplinary consensus on managing skin reactions associated with human epidermal growth factor inhibitors. J Clin Oncol. 2008;12(2):283-290.
  60. Dick SE, Crawford GH. Managing cutaneous side effect of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER1/EGFR) inhibitors. Comm Oncol. 2005;2:492-496.
  61. O'Keefe P, Parrilli M, Lacouture ME. Toxicity of targeted therapy: focus on rash and other dermatologic side effects. Oncol Nurse Edition. 2006;20(13):1-6.
  62. Segaert S. Management of skin toxicity of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Targeted Oncol. 2008;3(4):1776-2596.
  63. Bernier J, Bonner J, Vermorken JB, et al. Consensus guidelines for the management of radiation dermatitis and coexisting acne-like rash in patients receiving radiotherapy plus EGFR inhibitors for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(1):142-149.
  64. Basti S. Ocular toxicities of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors and their management. Cancer Nurs. 2007;30(4S):S10-S16.
  65. Nair RR, Warner BB, Warner BW. Role of epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol. 2008;32(2):107-113.
  66. Hallquist-Viale P, Sommers R. Nursing care of patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: implications of the treatment continuum concept. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2007;23:22-35.
  67. Benson AB 3rd, Ajani JA, Catalano RB, et al. Recommended guidelines for the treatment of cancer treatment-induced diarrhea. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14):2918-2926.
  68. Oncology Nursing Society. Systematic Review/Meta-analysis Diarrhea. In: Putting Evidence Into Practice. Pittsburgh, PA: ONS; 2007.
  69. National Cancer Institute. Cancer therapy evaluation program, common terminology for adverse events, version 3.0. Available at http://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_ applications/docs/ctcaev3.pdf. Accessed October 4, 2009.
  70. Ando M, Okamoto I, Yamamoto N, et al. Predictive factors for interstitial lung disease, antitumor response, and survival in non–small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2549-2556.
  71. Sandler AB. Nondermatologic adverse events associated with anti-EGFR therapy. Oncology. 2006;20(suppl 2):35-40.
  72. Higenbottam T, Kuwano K, Nemery B, Fujita Y. Understanding the mechanisms of drug-associated interstitial lung disease. Br J Cancer. 2004;91(suppl 2):S31-S37.
  73. Tammaro KA, Baldwin PD, Lundberg AS. Interstitial lung disease following erlotinib (Tarceva) in a patient who previously tolerated gefitinib (Iressa). J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2005;11:127-130.
  74. Ando M, Okamoto I, Yamamoto N, et al. Predictive factors for interstitial lung disease, antitumor response, and survival in non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(16):2549-2556.
  75. Shah NT, Kris MG, Pao W, et al. Practical management of patients with non–small-cell lung cancer treated with gefitinib. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:165-174.
  76. Tabernero J, Cervantes A, Martinelli E, et al. Optimal dose of cetuximab (C) given every 2 weeks (q2w): a phase I pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of weekly (q1w) and q2w schedules in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(June 20 suppl).
  77. Pirker R, Szczesnna A, von Pawel J, et al. FLEX: A randomized, multicenter, phase III study of cetuximab in combination with cisplatin/vinorelbine (CV) versus CV alone in the first-line treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2008;26 (May 20 suppl, abstr 3).
  78. Lieberman P. Anaphylaxis. Med Clin North Am. 2006;90:77-95.
  79. Chung CC, Mirakhur B, Chan E, et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose--1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(11):1109-1117.
  80. McEvoy GK (ed). AHFS drug information 2009 (online). Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-Sustem Pharmacists. http://online.statref.com/document.aspx?fxid=1&dpcod=596/. Accessed April 23, 2009.
  81. Saif MW. Management of hypomagnesemia in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. J Support Oncol. 2008;6:243-248.
  82. Fakih M. Management of anti-EGFR targeting monoclonal antibody-induced hypomagnesemia. Oncology. 2008;22:74-76.
  83. Hecht JR, Mitchell E, Childiac T, et al. A randomized phase IIIB trial of chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and panitumumab compared with chemotherapy and bevacizumab alone for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):672-680.
  84. 13th World Conference on Lung Cancer; July 31–August 4, 2009; San Francisco, CA.
  85. Gadzar AF. Activating and resistance mutations of EGFR in non-small-cell lung cancer: role in clinical response to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncogene. 2009;28(suppl 1):S24-S31.
  86. Gridelli C, Bareschino MA, Schettino C, et al. Erlotinib in non-small cell lung cancer treatment: current status and future development. Oncologist. 2007;12:840-849.
  87. Engleman JA, Zejnullaha K, Mitsudomi T. MET amplification leads to gefitinib resistance in lung cancer by activating ERBB3 signaling. Science. 2007;316:1039-1043.
  88. Force T, Kerkela R. Cardiotoxicity of the new cancer therapeutics: mechanisms of, and approaches to, the problem. Drug Discov Today. 2008;13(17-18):778-784.
  89. Force T, Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Molecular mechanisms of cardiotoxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibition. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7:332-344.
  90. Popat S, Smith IE. Therapy insight: anthracycline and trastuzumab—the optimal management of cardiotoxic side effects. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2008;5(6):324-335.
  91. Floyd JD, Perry MC. Cardiotoxicity of cancer therapy. In: Perry MC, ed. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008:179-190.
  92. Ewer MS, Vooletich MT, Durand J-B, et al. Reversibility of trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: new insights based on clinical course and response to medical treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(31):7820-7826.
  93. Telli ML, Hunt SA, Carlson RW, Guardino AE. Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity: calling into question the concept of reversibility. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(23):3525-3533.
  94. Seidman A, Hudis C, Pierri MK, et al. Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20;1215-1221.
  95. Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Phase III trial comparing AC-T with AC-TH and with TCH in the adjuvant treatment of HER2 positive early breast cancer patients: second interim efficacy analysis. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2006; abstract 52.
  96. Mackey JR, Clemons M, Cote MA, et al. Cardiac management during adjuvant trastuzumab therapy: recommendations of the Canadian Trastuzumab Working Group. Curr Oncol. 2008;15(1):24-35.
  97. Goldberg LR, Jessup M. Stage B heart failure: management of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Circulation. 2006;113:2851-2860.
  98. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American heart Association task force on practice guidelines: developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Phsyicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005;112;e154-e235.
  99. Loerzel VW, Dow KH. Cardiac toxicity related to cancer treatment. Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2003; 7:557-562.
  100. Lenihan DJ, Esteva FJ. Multidisciplinary strategy for managing cardiovascular risks when treating patients with early breast cancer. Oncologist. 2008;13:1224-1234.
  101. Martin M, Esteva FJ, Alba E, et al. Minimizing cardiotoxicity while optimizing treatment efficacy with trastuzumab: review and expert recommendations. Oncologist. 2009;14:1-11.
  102. Kim MA, Jung EJ, Lee HS, et al. Evaluation of HER-2 gene status in gastric carcinoma using immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(9):1386-1393.
  103. Phillips GDL, Li G, Dugger DL, et al. Targeting HER2 positive breast cancer with trastuzumab-DM1, an antibody-cytotoxic drug conjugate. Cancer Res. 2008;68(22):9280-9290.
  104. Krop IE, Mita M, Burris HA, et al. A phase I study of weekly dosing of trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) in patients with advanced HER2+ breast cancer. San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium 2008; abstract 3136.
  105. Modi S, Beeram M, Krop IE, et al. A phase I study of trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1), a first-in-class HER2 antibody drug conjugate (ADC), in patients (pts) with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (BC). ASCO Breast Symposium 2007; abstract 168.
  106. Vogel CL, Burris HA, Limentani S, et al. Trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1) in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(suppl; abstr 1017):15s.
  107. Cortes J, Baselga T, Petrella K, et al. Pertuzumab monotherapy following trastuzumab-based treatment: activity and tolerability in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(suppl; abstr 1022):15s.
  108. Boccaccio C, Comoglio PM. Invasive growth: a MET-driven genetic programme for cancer and stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6(8):637-645.
  109. Gentile A, Trusolino L, Comoglio PM. The Met tyrosine kinase receptor in development and cancer. Cancer Metastases Rev. 2008;27(1):85-94.
  110. Walter KA, Hossain MA, Luddy C, et al. Scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor stimulation of glioblastoma cell cycle progression through G(1) is c-Myc dependent and independent of p27 suppression, Cdk2 activation, or E2F1 dependent transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 2002;22(8):2703-2715.
  111. Recio JA, Merlino G. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor activates proliferation in melanoma cells through p38 MAPK, ATF-2 and cyclin D1. Oncogene. 2002;21(7):1000-1008.
  112. Weinberg RA. The Biology of Cancer. New York: Garland Science; 2008:147-188.
  113. Abounader R, Reznik T, Colantuoni C, et al. Regulation of c-Met dependent gene expression by PTEN. Oncogene. 2004;23(57):9173-9182.
  114. Gordon MS, Mendelson D, Sweeney C, et al. Interim results from a first-in-human study with AMG-102, a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), the ligand to c-Met receptor in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;18S(suppl):abstract 3551.
  115. Thomas RM, Toney K, Fenoglio-Preiser C, et al. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase mediates oncogenic phenotypes in pancreatic cancer cells and is increasingly expressed during pancreatic cancer progression. Cancer Res. 2007;67:6075-6079.
  116. Jhawer MP, Kindler HL, Wainberg ZA, et al. Preliminary activity of XL880, a dual MET/VEGFR2 inhibitor, in MET amplified poorly differentiated gastric cancer (PDGC): interim results of a multicentered phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(May 20 suppl; abstr 4572).
  117. Martins AS, Mackintosh C, Martin DH, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor pathway inhibition by ADW742 alone or in combination with imatinib, doxorubicin, or vincristine, is a novel therapeutic approach in Ewing Tumor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(11):3532-3538.
  118. Gunter MJ, Hoover DR, Yu H, et al. Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(1):48-60.
  119. Kabat GC, Kim M, Caan BJ, et al. Repeated measures of serum glucose and insulin in relation to postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer. June 2, 2009. doi:10.1002/ijc.24609.
  120. Yee D. Targeting insulin-like growth factor pathways. Br J Cancer. 2006;94:465-468.
  121. Yuen JSP, Akkaya E, Wang Y, et al. Validation of the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor as a therapeutic target in renal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2009;8(6):1448-1459.
  122. Krause DS, Van Etten RA. Turosine kinases as targets for cancer therapy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(2):172-187.
  123. Belsches-Jablonski AP, Demory ML, Parsons JT, Parsons SJ. The Src pathway as a therapeutic strategy. Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg. 2005;2(4):313-321.
  124. Martin GS. The hunting of the Src. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2001;2:467-475.
  125. Courtneidge SA. Role of Src in signal transduction pathways. Biochem Soc Trans. 2002;30(2): 11-17.
  126. Vultur A, Buettner R, Kowolik C, et al. SKI-606 (bosutinib) a novel Src kinase inhibitor, suppresses migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7(5):1185-1194.
  127. Haura EB, Turkson J, Jove R. Mechanisms of disease: insights into the emerging role of signal transducers and activators of transcription in cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2005;2(6):315-324.
  128. Wennerberg K, Rossman KL, Der CJ. The Ras superfamily at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2005;118:843-846.
  129. Rowinsky EK, Windle JJ, Von Hoff DD. Ras protein farnesyltransferase: a strategic target for anticancer therapeutic development. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(11):3631-3652.
  130. Wagner EF, Nebreda AR. Signal integration by JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:537-549.
  131. Liu P, Cheng H, Roberts TM, Zhao JJ. Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2009;8:627-644.
  132. Engelman JA. Targeting P13K signaling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9:550-562.
  133. Mahalingam D, Kelly KR, Swords RT, et al. Emerging drugs in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2009;14(2):311-328.
  134. Waite KA, Eng C. Protean PTEN: form and function. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70(4):829-844.
  135. Nagata Y, Lan KH, Zhou X, et al. PTEN activation contributes to tumor inhibition by trastuzumab, and loss of PTEN predicts trastuzumab resistance in patients. Cancer Cell. 2004;6:117-127.
  136. Los M, Maddika S, Erb B, Schulze-Osthoff. Switching Akt: form survival signaling to deadly response. BioEssays. 2009;31(5):492-495.
  137. Lum L, Beachy PA. The Hedgehog response network: sensors, switches and routers. Science. 2004;304:1755-1759.
  138. Liu S, Dontu G, Mantle ID, et al. Hedgehog signaling and Bmi-1 regulate self-renewal of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66(12):6063-6071.
  139. Rubin LL, de Sauvage FJ. Targeting the hedgehog pathway in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5:1026-1033.
  140. Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM. Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature. 2004;432:324-331.
  141. Adolphe C, Hetherington R, Ellis T, Wainwright B. Patched 1 functions as a gatekeeper by promoting cell cycle progression. Cancer Res. 2006;66:2081-2088.
  142. Lee SW, Moskowitz MA, Sims JR. Sonic hedgehog inversely regulates the expression of angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 in fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 2007;19(3):445-451.
  143. Bailey JM, Mohr AM, Hollinsworth MA. Sonic hedgehog paracrine signaling regulates metastases and lymphangiogenesis in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene. July 27, 2009; doi:10.1038/onc.2009.220.
  144. Epstein EH. Basal cell carcinomas: attack of the hedgehog. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:743-754.
  145. Xie J. Activation of Hedgehog singaling in human cancer: basic mechanisms and clinical implications. In: AACR Educational Book. AACR 100th Annual Meeting 2009; April 18-22, 2009. http://educationbook.aacrjournals.org. Accessed August 15, 2009.
  146. Olive KP, Jacobetz MA, Davidson CJ, et al. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Science. 2009;324(5933):1457-1461.
  147. Kasper M, Jaks V, Fiaschi M, Toftgard R. Hedgehog signaling in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. February 23, 2009. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgp048
  148. Bijlsma MF, Spek CA, Zivkovic D, et al. Repression of smoothened by patched-dependent (pro) vitamin D3 secretion. PLoS Biol. 2006;4(8):e232.
  149. Golden EB, Lam PY, Kardosh A, et al. Green tea polyphenols block the anticancer effects of bortezomib and other boronic acid-based proteasome inhibitors. Blood. 2009;113(23):5927-5937.
  150. Nalepa G, Rolfe M, Harper JW. Drug discovery in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5:596-613.
  151. Cancer Control. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute. Medscape. http://img .medscape.com/fullsize/migrated/463/787/cc463787.fig2.jpg. Published 2003. Accessed September 18, 2009.
  152. Dai C, Whitesell L, Rogers AB, Lindquist S. Heat shock factor 1 is a powerful multifaceted modifier of arcinogenesis. Cell. 2007;130(6):1005-1018.
  153. Didelot C, Lanneau D, Brunet M, et al. Anti-cancer therapeutic approaches based on intracellular and extracelllar heat shock proteins. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14(27):2839-2847.
  154. Beere HM, Wolf BB, Cain K, et al. Heat shock protein 70 inhibits apoptosis by preventing recruitment of procaspase-9 to the Apaf-1 apoptosome. Nat Cell Biol. 2000;2(8):469-475.
  155. Imai J, Maruya M, Yashiroda H, et al. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 plays a role in the assembly and maintenance of the 26S proteasome. Embo J. 2003;22(14):3557-3567.
  156. Calderwood SK, Khaleque MA, Sawyer DB, Ciocca DR. Heat shock proteins in cancer: chaperones of tumorigenesis. Trends Biochem Sci. 2006;31(3):164-172.
  157. Fontana J, Fulton D, Chen Y, et al. Domain mapping studies reveal that the M domain of hsp90 serves as a molecular scaffold to regulate Akt-dependent phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NO release. Circ Res. 2002;90(8):866-873.
  158. Whitesell L, Lindquist SL. Hsp90 and the chaperoning of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5(10):761-772.
  159. Neckers L. Heat shock protein 90: the cancer chaperone. J Biosci. 2007;32:517-530.
  160. Velcade [package insert]. Cambridge, MA: Millenium Pharmaceuticals; June 2008.
  161. Chanan-Khan A, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW, et al. Analysis of herpes zoster events among the bortezomib-treated patients in the phase III APEX study. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(29):4784-4790.
  162. Feinberg AP. Epigenetics at the epicenter of modern medicine. JAMA. 2008;299(11):1345-1350.
  163. Kaminsky ZA. DNA methylation profiles in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Nat Genetics. 2009;41:240-245.
  164. Feinberg AP, Tycko B. The history of cancer epigenetics. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(2):143-153.
  165. Ward R, Bowman A, El-Mkami H, et al. Long distance PELDOR measurements on the histone core particle. J Am Chem Soc. 2009;131(4):1348-1349.
  166. National Institute of General Medical Sciences. RNA and DNA revealed: new roles, new rules. In: The New Genetics. http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter2.html. Accessed September 18, 2009.
  167. Newbold RR, Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN. Adverse effects of the model environmental estrogen diethylstilbestrol are transmitted to subsequent generations. Endocrinology. 2006; 147(suppl 6):S11-S17.
  168. Vidaza [package insert]. Summit, NJ: Celgene Corp; August 2008.
  169. Claus R, Lubbert M. Epigenetic targets in hematopoietic malignancies. Oncogene. 2003;22:6489-6496.
  170. Herman JG, Baylin SB. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2042-2054.
  171. Jones P. DNA methylation and cancer. Presented at: Breakthroughs in Therapeutic Epigenetics: An Emerging Clinical Approach, symposium held in conjunction with the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology; May 2005; Orlando, FL.
  172. Ehrlich M. DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene. 2002;21(35): 5400-5413.
  173. George P, Bali P, Annavarapu S, et al.Combination of the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 and the hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG is highly active against human CML-BC cells and AML cells with activating mutation of FLT-3. Blood. 2005;105:1768-1776.