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Table 43-11

  • Inadvertent peritoneal breach
    • Dissection around the diaphragm and retroperitoneum
    • Nissen's fundoplication, gastric bypass surgery, urologic surgery
  • Misdirected Veress needle: (damage to falciform ligament)
  • Gas tracked through facial planes from the neck and thorax into the mediastinum and pleural space
  • Passage of gas through the pleuroperitoneal hiatus (foramen of Bochdalek)
  • Passage of gas through congenital defects (foramen of Morgagni)