Table 48-4
- Stimulation of the oculocardiac reflex arc
- Superficial hemorrhage → circumorbital hematoma
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage ± retinal perfusion compromise → loss of vision
- Trauma to optic nerve or orbital cranial nerves → loss of vision
- Optic nerve sheath injection → orbital epidural anesthesia
- Extraocular muscle injury, leading to postoperative strabismus, diplopia
- Intra-arterial injection, producing immediate convulsions
- Central retinal artery occlusion
- Inadvertent brain stem anesthesia → contralateral amaurosis, mydriasis, apnea, hypotension, coma